Kullervo Manner

Kullervo Achilles Manner (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈkulːerʋo ˈmɑnːer], Russian Куллерво Густавович Маннер, Kullervo Gustavovich Manner; 12 October 1880 – 15 January 1939) was a Finnish politician and journalist, and later a Soviet politician. He was a member of the Finnish parliament, serving as its Speaker in 1917. He was also chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland between 1917 and 1918. During the Finnish Civil War, he led the Finnish People's Delegation, a leftist alternative to the established Finnish government. After the war, he escaped to the Soviet Union, where he co-founded the Finnish Communist Party. It is said if the Red Guards had won the Civil War, Manner might have risen to the position of the "Leader of the Red Finland".[2][3][4]

Kullervo Manner
Chairman of the Finnish People's Delegation of the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
In office
29 January 1918 – 25 April 1918
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Speaker of the Parliament
In office
4 April 1917 – 31 October 1917
Preceded byKaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
Succeeded byJohannes Lundson
Leader of the Finnish Communist Party
In office
1920–1935
Preceded byYrjö Sirola
Succeeded byHannes Mäkinen
Leader of the Finnish Social Democratic Party
In office
1917–1918
Preceded byMatti Paasivuori
Succeeded byVäinö Tanner
Personal details
Born
Kullervo Achilles Manner

12 October 1880
Kokemäki, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire
Died15 January 1939 (aged 58)
Ukhta-Pechora, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Political partySDP
SKP
SpouseOlga Arjanne[1]

Early life

Manner was born a minister's son in Kokemäki. His father Gustaf Manner worked in various parishes, including those of Lappi and Vampula. Kullervo's mother was Alma Limón, daughter of pastor Johannes Limón.[1][5] After graduating from high school in 1900, Manner worked as a journalist in Porvoo and later in Helsinki. In 1906, he founded a newspaper called Työläinen ('worker') in Porvoo, of which he was the editor-in-chief until 1909;[1] an article published in the newspaper in 1909 brought him the following year, already as a Member of Parliament, a six-month prison sentence for a lèse majesté (a lesser crime similar to treason) against Nicholas II in 1911.[1] He was elected to the Finnish Parliament as a Social Democrat from Uusimaa in 1910 and 1917. He was appointed Speaker of the Parliament in 1917. Manner's brother Arvo Manner was governor of Viipuri and Kymi provinces from the 1920s to the 1950s.[1]

Manner married Olga Arjanne (Seger until 1906) on 26 October 1908, at the local register office of Porvoo. From 1906 they worked at the same time in the Työläinen's editorial office and lived in the house where the editorial office was located.[1]

Civil War
Main article: Finnish Civil War

On 28 January 1918, during the Finnish Civil War, Manner was appointed Chairman of the Finnish People's Delegation. On 10 April 1918, Manner was appointed commander-in-chief of the Red Guards as well as head of state of its short-lived government, The People's Deputation. He was given dictatorial powers.[5] At the time, the Red Guards led by Manner ruled for several months in Helsinki and other southern cities,[6] while the White Guards led by General Mannerheim and the Senate had control of northern Finland.[7]

In the USSR
Central Committee of the exile Communist Party of Finland (SKP) in Moscow, 1920. From left to right: K. M. Evä, Jukka Rahja, Jalo Kohonen, Kullervo Manner, Eino Rahja, Mandi Sirola and Yrjö Sirola.

After the Civil War, Manner fled to Soviet Russia where he became the second chairman of the Finnish Communist Party after Yrjö Sirola. He also became an official of the Comintern. In the 1930s, Manner and his wife Hanna Malm fell out of favor with Otto Wille Kuusinen. Manner was dismissed from most of his duties in May 1934. He continued to work as a Comintern rapporteur on Latin American affairs until July 1935.

Imprisonment and death

In 1935, Manner was arrested and sentenced to ten years hard labor. Manner was taken to a Gulag labor camp in Ukhta-Pechora in Komi Republic, where he died on 15 January 1939. The official cause of death was tuberculosis. According to professor of history Alexander Popov, the real cause of death could be attributed to radiation sickness, which Manner could have received, since he worked with water containing radium.[8]

Rehabilitation

Manner was rehabilitated in 1962.

See also

Sources

References
  1. Matti Lackman (2017). Kullervo Manner – kumouksellisen muotokuva (in Finnish). Somero: Amanita. ISBN 978-952-5330-84-7.
  2. "Manner, Kullervo – Svinhufvud". Finland100.fi. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  3. Flakin, Nathaniel (26 May 2019). "When the North Star Turned Red: Against Reconciliation". Left Voice. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  4. SDP:n puheenjohtaja halusi punadiktaattoriksi, mutta kuoli Stalinin vankileirillä (in Finnish)
  5. Sainio, Venla (6 September 2001). "Manner, Kullervo". The National Biography of Finland (in Finnish). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  6. Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 91–101
  7. Upton 1980, pp. 390–515, Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 80–89, Manninen 1993b, pp. 96–177, Manninen* 1993c, pp. 398–432, Westerlund 2004b, pp. 175–188, Tikka 2014, pp. 90–118
  8. "Tiedonkierto 2003". www.tyovaenperinne.fi. Retrieved 6 April 2021.

Works cited
  • Keränen, Jorma; Tiainen, Jorma; Ahola, Matti; Ahola, Veikko; Frey, Stina; Lempinen, Jorma; Ojanen, Eero; Paakkonen, Jari; Talja, Virpi; Väänänen, Juha (1992), Suomen itsenäistymisen kronikka, Jyväskylä: Gummerus, ISBN 951-20-3800-5
  • Manninen, Ohto (1993b), Taistelevat osapuolet. In: Manninen, O. (ed.) Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, II Taistelu vallasta, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus, pp. 96–177, ISBN 951-37-0728-8
  • Manninen*, Turo (1993c), Tie sotaan. In: Manninen, O. (ed.) Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, I Irti Venäjästä, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus, pp. 398–432, ISBN 951-37-0727-X
  • Tikka, Marko (2014), Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.), "Warfare & Terror in 1918", The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy, Leiden: Brill, pp. 90–118, ISBN 978-90-04-24366-8
  • Upton, Anthony F. (1980), Vallankumous Suomessa 1917–1918, I, Jyväskylä: Gummerus, ISBN 951-26-1828-1
  • Westerlund, Lars (2004b), Venäläissurmat Suomessa 1914–1922, 2.1. Sotatapahtumat 1918–1922, Helsinki: VNKJ 2/2004, Edita, ISBN 952-5354-44-X
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