Koheilan

There are variations in the transcription of the Arabic كحيلان: Keheilan[1] Kehilan and Kuhailan,[2] Kocheilan and Najdi Kocheilan,[3] the latter transcription stemming from the origin of these horses, among the Bedouins settled in the Najd heights of central Saudi Arabia.[4] According to Éphrem Houël, the most common French names for the line are: kahel, kahejle, kailhan, koheilan, and finally kochlani.[5]

According to Bedouin traditions described by Wacław Seweryn Rzewuski, "Koheyléh" was one of the five mares who returned despite their thirst when the Prophet Muhammad pronounced their name.[6] He is said to have smeared their eyes with kohl, hence their name and that of their offspring, "Koheilan".[6] Koheilan horses are considered to be direct descendants of the Al Khamsa (الخمسة), Muhammad's five favorite mare lines,[4] which Bedouin nomads see as the origin of the Arabian breed, with the quality of belonging or not to the line being transmitted through the mother brood mare.[7][8] In fact, the names of these bloodlines often derive from the Bedouin family who bred them.[9] Orientalist Aleksander Chodźko notes that Koheilan are considered the finest Arabian horses.[10] Bedouin belief attributes to these horses the ability to choose the best path for their rider, thanks to hippomancy.[3]

Roger D. Upton (1873) believes that the Darley Arabian horse, originally from the Aleppo region, was a Koheilan-Ras-El-Fedawi[11] (a controversial theory, with others believing it belonged to the Muniqi lineage).[12] In the 19th century, the name "Koheilan" was given to the horses of the Syrian Desert.[13]

Travel notes by Count Wenceslas Severin Rzewuski

See also: Wacław Seweryn Rzewuski and Hot-blooded horse

Nejdi Koheilan mares drawn by Wacław Seweryn Rzewuski

One of the best-known descriptions is by Count Wacław Seweryn Rzewuski. This Polish-born polyglot traveler wrote a treatise in French during his expedition to the Bedouins of Arabia's Najd, from 1817 to 1819. In it, he proposed a "grading table for horse blood".[16] According to him, the hottest breed, "all blood and fire", is that of the "Bedouin Najdi Kocheilan of the Schamalieh and Hediazet deserts", with a blood temperature of 80 degrees.[17] He then ranks the Kocheilan and the Thoroughbred at 70°.[16]

Rzewuski shows great admiration and attraction for the Koheilan breed of the Najd,[18] which he describes as "unquestionably the noblest horse in the world and often even the most beautiful. His breed is the purest, the most proven. It has never been mixed".[19] His notebook also includes numerous linguistic notes on the Arabic language,[20] and ten pages of genealogical lists of these horses.[21] Among other things, he writes that "these horses are Najdi because they were born in the deserts of the Najd, and Kocheilan because they have the requisite black eye qualities".[22] He also describes Bedouin traditions of horse capture and exchange, with horses captured on caravans (nakisat) being resold to other tribes, informing them of the animals' name and breed, which Rzewuski describes as "a custom of courtesy and respect for the purity of Najdi Kocheilan blood".[23] Defining the breed by controlling genealogy and climate, he naturally places the horses he imports and breeds himself in his stud farms at the top of the blood classification he has established.[16]

Vashara Chamal, Koheilan stallion

According to the University of Oklahoma study, modern breeders of Arabian horses more generally consider the Koheilan lineage to be one of the three great types of the Arabian breed, along with Saklawi and Muniqi.[24] The Koheilan line is renowned for the beauty of its eyes, which are topped by eyelids that give the impression of having been painted black.[25] The head is short, broad between the eyes and in the cheeks.[2] Wacław Seweryn Rzewuski attaches great importance to the color of the skin, which must be black, seeing it as a sign of racial superiority.[26]

The constitution is more solid and stocky than in other lineages:[24] according to the characterization study published in the USSR in 1989, the Koheilan type is distinguished by "prominent body mass, large size, solid construction and the ability to thrive regardless of management conditions". Koheilans show good action and satisfactory stamina.[27] It is a "male-type" lineage, with deep chest, tall stature and great power, reaching a height of 1.52 m.[2] Koheilan symbolizes power and endurance.[28]

Arabian types: A: Koheilan ; B: Saklawi ; and C: Muniqi.

The most common coats are gray and chestnut.[2]

A study of endurance horses in Poland revealed that a significant number are Koheilan Arabs. The "Koheilan Adjuze" line has few winners.[29] The "Kuhailan Afas" line accounts for the highest number of race starts, and the highest rate of wins over 80 km and more.[29]

Shagya mare of Koheilan lineage imported by Japan from Hungary in 1911

The line had a particularly important influence on horse breeds in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as in Russia. In the 19th century, these horses were imported in large numbers. However, Bedouins do not use studbooks like Europeans. According to Bernadette Lizet, Wacław Seweryn Rzewuski specified that a hudget (a written attestat) was attached to Koheilan horses from regions other than the Nadj, and a certificate of nobility to Nadji Koheilan,[30] the presence of written attestations being a requirement of Russian, German and Polish importers.[31]

Koheilan I, a grey stallion born at Bábolna National Stud in Hungary in 1922, was exported to Janów Podlaski Stud in Poland, where he became the head of the Arabian racehorse line. Some of its descendants have been exported to the United States.[32] The Bábolna National Stud favors the Koheilan trend among its Arabian half-breeds.[33] The Hungarian Shagya breed is thus partly descended from the Koheilan IV stallion.[34] The line was also exported to Russia,[35] where it influenced the Tersk breed:[36] Koheilan horses form one of the three Arabian lines most exported to this country.[37] The line was also imported into the Shushi region, where local traditions from the 1920s still recall it,[38] and more widely into the Republic of Artsakh, where it has influenced the local breed.[39]

"Keheilan" is considered to be an original line of Arabian horse bred in Saudi Arabia.[1] These horses were brought to Egypt, where they gave rise to a line known as "Koheilan-Harkan".[40] In Iran, the Koheilan is recognized as one of the five major lines of the Arabian breed,[41] more specifically the Persian Arabian.[42] In Khuzestan, the prestige of a horse is determined by the family that bred it: the Koheilan horses of the Mojadami family are considered particularly prestigious.[43]

• Arabian horse
• List of horse breeds
• Hippomancy
• Horses in Iran

• Forbis, Judith; Ferriss, Joe (1990). Authentic Arabian bloodstock. Ansata Publications. ISBN 0962564400.
• Hendricks, Bonnie Lou (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds (2nd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8. OCLC 154690199.
• Homéric (2012). Dictionnaire amoureux du Cheval (in French). Plon - EDI8. ISBN 978-2259218597.
• Piduch, Erwin (1988). Egypt's Arab Horses: History and Cultural Heritage. Kentauros-Verlag. ISBN 3925069038.
• Porter, Valerie; Alderson, Lawrence; Hall, Stephen J. G.; Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (6th ed.). CAB International. p. 1107. ISBN 978-1-84593-466-8. OCLC 948839453.
• Rzewuski, Wenceslas (2002). Impressions d'Orient et d'Arabie. Un cavalier polonais chez les Bédouins (1817-1819) (in French). Paris: José Corti-Muséum national d’histoire naturelle.
• Schiele, Erika (1970). The Arab horse in Europe: history and present breeding of the pure Arab.
• Schofler, Patti (2006). Flight without Wings: The Arabian Horse And The Show World. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 1461748925.
• Subhi, Hana (2017). "Voyage du comte Waclaw Seweryn Rzewuski en Arabie 1817-1819 : de la recherche des chevaux à l'intégration dans la société bédouine". Odysseys / Odyssées: Travel Narratives in French / Récits de voyage en français (in French). BRILL. ISBN 978-9004334724.