Saab Kockums

During the 1820s the Kockums family established themselves as businesspeople in Malmö. Frans Henrik Kockum built a large fortune through an investment in tobacco production. Thanks to this he was able to purchase a large part of land 1838 south of Malmö, and between 1840 and 1841 he erected a forge and a mechanical workshop which initially primarily manufactured farming equipment, stoves, portable engines, incubators, spittoons, and various other castings.[2] From 1859 they even constructed railway carriages. This workshop was situated near the current area of Davidshall. In the year 1866, the company went public and changed their name to Kockums Mekaniska Werkstad.

The first railway carriage was delivered in 1859, the first sleeper car 1877, the first Bogie carriage in 1885, and the first dining car in 1896.[3]

Kockum bought Kallinge kvarn (near Ronneby) along with two business partners in the year 1849. They built a copper refinery. Kockum's business partners were bought out of the country in 1852, and the company continued to expand during the next century. in 1858, the production changed from copper refinery to being an iron mill. This company continued to grow until it eventually became Kockums Jernverks AB, in 1875. The company had its foundations in Blekinge and Småland.[4]

In the years preceding the First World War, the Kockum-owned companies underwent a structural change. Kockums Mekaniska Verkstad AB shifted focus to primarily constructing ships, railway carriages, and bridges. Kockums Jernverk och Emaljerverk (with primary operations in Kallinge and Ronneby) specialized in steel and steel products, galvanizing, and enameling.

The shipyard and bridge production expanded heavily during the post-war period. During the years 1899 - 1913 a total of 16 new ships were constructed, six of which for the Swedish Navy. Namely the coastal battleships Tapperheten and Manligheten, the destroyers Wale, Munin, Vidar, Ragnar, as well as the steam ferry Malmö. Following that the shipyard had continued success, delivering the coastal battleships Gustav V, the destroyers Ehrensköld and Klas Horn, the icebreaker Ymer, some 25 submarines, and several motor torpedo boats. A large amount of tankers were also built starting in 1927. Production of bridges, cranes, sugar refinery machinery, and steam engines continued.[4]

In the 1950s the shipyard in Malmö had grown to be one of the largest in the world, primarily constructing large cargo vessels. In 1952 and 1953 Kockum delivered the largest amount of tonnage out of all shipyards, internationally. Parallel with the shipbuilding a shipping line was also operated.

After acquiring AB Landsverk in 1948, a miscellaneous workshop industry developed out of the shipyard.

As a result of the Swedish shipyard crisis which heavily affected the industry during 1969–1985, due to heavy competition from the Far East and the 1973 oil crisis, Kockums was placed under the control of the Swedish state through the state-owned company Svenska Varv and its successor company Celsius AB (sv) from 1979 until 1999. Having implemented a highly advanced variety of the Stirling engine for low noise submarine propulsion, Kockums was considered to have strategic value for the Swedish Navy. During the period of state ownership, Kockums acquired Karlskronavarvet (sv), the operator of the Karlskrona shipyards, in 1989. In 1999, following the acquisition of Celsius AB by Saab, Kockums was sold to the German shipbuilding company HDW. In 2005, HDW was bought by the German industrial conglomerate Thyssen Krupp.[5] The time after 1999 was rife with conflicts between Kockums' only Swedish customer, the Defence Materiel Administration (FMV), and Kockums' German owners. The Swedish view was that the technical advancements made in collaboration between Kockums and FMV ought to be used to create a new generation of submarine for lucrative export: the A26 submarine. On the German side, the A26 project was said to be regarded as a high-risk project that could lead to uncontrollably growing costs.[6] Superficially, the major source of conflict seemed to be that neither ThyssenKrupp nor FMV would accept carrying unforeseen development costs. As several technical innovations to be implemented in the A26 were kept in classified status at the FMV, ThyssenKrupp argued that the implied costs were too difficult to predict. This deadlock persisted for months until the FMV decided to cancel the order of the A26 submarines.

Globally, the conflict also concerned the general business strategy. ThyssenKrupp insisted that Kockums ought to discontinue large submarine construction and to focus on the development of small submarines. Meanwhile, anonymous sources from inside Kockums claimed that ThyssenKrupp's goal in acquiring Kockums was never to reach synergies with HDW, but only to eliminate its main competitor.[5]

When the Crimea crisis erupted in March 2014, Sweden's defence interests in the future of Kockums came under closer scrutiny. The turning point was described by the chairman of the Swedish parliament's Standing Committee on Defense (SCD), Peter Hultquist:[7]

The wheels have turned. The government, possibly in response to Russia's aggression in Crimea and the Ukraine, has decided that a strong industrial defense capacity that is Swedish-controlled will be the cornerstone that underpins defense policy and future capability.

In the search for a partner to develop the next generation of submarines, the FMV approached the SAAB Group. During autumn 2013, Saab tried to reach an agreement to buy Kockums from ThyssenKrupp. ThyssenKrupp demanded to keep its monopoly position in the A26 deal, which Saab refused to accept, causing the negotiations to fail. Saab responded by approaching Kockums' engineers, offering them employment at Saab Naval Systems. Thyssen Krupp tried in vain to keep its engineers at Kockums, proposing an extra month's salary.[6]

The hostility towards ThyssenKrupp reached a new level during the Kockums equipment repossession incident on 8 April 2014. As per protocol, two military trucks accompanied by armed soldiers entered the Kockums shipyard in Malmö to reclaim all materiel and equipment belonging to the Defence Materiel Administration (Sweden), FMV, as well as all secret blueprints and images. By orders from a manager, Kockums staff tried to sabotage the repossession by locking the gates with the repossession crew and escort still inside.[8] According to a spokesperson for FMV, this is the first time they have had to forcefully repossess equipment.[8]

Shortly after, ThyssenKrupp initiated discussions to sell Kockums to Saab. The deal was finalized on 22 July 2014, making Saab the new owner of Kockums.[9]