Kingston Bridge, London

Kingston Bridge is a road bridge at Kingston upon Thames in south west London, England, carrying the A308 across the River Thames. It joins the town centre of Kingston in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames to Hampton Court Park, Bushy Park, and the village of Hampton Wick in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. In 2005 it was carrying approximately 50,000 vehicles per day with up to 2,000 vehicles per hour in each direction during peak times.

Kingston Bridge
Kingston Bridge from downstream at Kingston
Coordinates51°24′40″N 0°18′32″W
CarriesA308 road, Thames Path
CrossesRiver Thames
LocaleKingston upon Thames
Maintained byKingston upon Thames London Borough Council
Characteristics
DesignArch
MaterialStone
Total length382 feet 0 inches (116.43 m)
Width79 feet 0 inches (24.08 m)
Height23 feet 11 inches (7.29 m)[1]
Longest span60 feet 0 inches (18.29 m)
No. of spans5
Piers in water4
History
DesignerEdward Lapidge
Opened17 July 1828
Statistics
Daily traffic50,000 vehicles
TollAbolished 1870
Listed Building – Grade II*
Official nameKingston Bridge
Designated30 July 1951
Reference no.1300232
Location

Kingston Bridge is on the reach above Teddington Lock and close to and downstream of the mouth of the Hogsmill River, a minor tributary of the Thames. The Thames Path crosses the river here and the bridge is the end point for the Thames Down Link long-distance footpath from Box Hill & Westhumble station.[2]

History

Until Putney Bridge was opened in 1729, Kingston Bridge was the only crossing of the river between London Bridge and Staines Bridge.

According to 16th-century antiquarian John Leland, the bridge existed in the centuries when Anglo-Saxon England existed (after Roman Britain and before 1066). He wrote "And yn the old tyme the commune saying ys that the bridge where the commun passage was over the Tamise was lower on the ryver then it is now. And when men began the new town in the Saxons tymes they toke from the very clive of Comeparke [cliff of Coombe Park] side to build on the Tamise side; and sette a new bridge hard by the same."[3] Other sources claim that the first Kingston Bridge was constructed in the 1190s.[4]

Leland refers to a contemporary bridge and to an older wooden bridge that had existed at Kingston since the 13th century. This was about 100 feet downstream of the present bridge: Old Bridge Street at Hampton Wick used to be matched by an Old Bridge Street on the Kingston side.[5] In 1318 the bridge was described as being in a dangerous condition.[6] The successive bridges contributed greatly to Kingston's success as a medieval market town.

Destroying or defending the few bridges of the Thames gave power – having no nearby bridges would particularly hinder mounted armies. The mediaeval timber bridge fell victim to destructions during the Wars of the Roses and Wyatt's rebellion. There are records of tolls being granted for various spells to pay for repairs to the bridge, but in 1567, Robert Hamond gave a sum to make it a free bridge 'forever'.[3] However, in spite of his endowments, for some years in the 18th century certain tolls were reimposed under the authority of the mayor and aldermen of the borough. The bridge was described in 1710 "The great Wooden Bridge hath 20 interstices:[note 1] two in the middle wide enough for barges...it had 22 pierres [piers] of Wood and had in the middle two fair Seates for Passengers to avoid Carts and to sit and enjoy the delightfull Prospect".[7]

The bridge's state of repair became increasingly problematic by the early 19th century. It had become increasingly dilapidated and its narrowness made passage difficult both for river and road traffic. Pressure mounted for it to be rebuilt but no agreement could be reached on who would be responsible or who would pay for it. The courts became involved in 1813 but were overtaken by events in January 1814, when part of the bridge collapsed due to a severe frost. The court ordered Kingston to repair the bridge from its own resources but a complete replacement was by that time clearly necessary.[8]

1828 bridge
A view of Kingston Bridge published in 1831. It has been widened twice since then.

In 1825 Kingston Corporation notified the City of London Corporation Navigation Committee that it intended to build a new bridge. An Act of Parliament was passed in the same year to authorise construction. The corporation planned to erect a cast-iron bridge, and an architectural competition was held with a prize of 100 guineas. The winner was John Burges Watson, with a design for a bridge of three equal arches. However, concerns over the rising cost of iron led to the abandonment of the scheme, and it was decided instead to build a stone bridge in the classical style to a design by Edward Lapidge, the county surveyor. The first stone was laid by the Earl of Liverpool at a ceremony on 7 November 1825[9] and the bridge was opened by the Duchess of Clarence (the future Queen Adelaide) on 17 July 1828.[8] The approach road to the east was named Clarence Street in her honour.

The new bridge, about 100 feet (30 m) upstream from its predecessor,[10] was built of Portland stone: comprising five elliptical arches. The centre arch enclosed a 60 foot (18 m) span, 19 feet (5.8 m) in height, and the side arches 56 feet (17 m) then 52 feet (16 m) in span progressively from the centre. The abutments were terminated by towers or bastions, and the whole surmounted by a cornice and balustrade, with galleries projecting over the pier; which gave a bold relief to the general elevation. The length of the bridge was 382 feet (116 m) by 27 feet (8.2 m) in width. The building contract was undertaken by Herbert for £26,800 (equivalent to £2,340,350 in 2021), and extra work did not exceed £100, a rare occurrence in major public or private undertakings of that description at the time.

Kingston Bridge on the upstream side

Following a lengthy campaign which came to a conclusion in 1869, the bridge became free from tolls on 12 March 1870,[8] and celebrations including a fireworks show were followed a few days later with the burning of the toll gates on Hampton Green. In March 1906, London United Tramways installed tramlines on Kingston Bridge, connecting the Surrey and Middlesex routes.[11] The increase in traffic and the narrowness of the road became a problem and in 1911 the engineering firm Mott & Hay was contracted to widen the bridge on the downstream side.[12] The work was undertaken between 1912 and 1914 with the carriageway increased from 25 feet (7.6 m) to 55 feet (17 m). A new façade of Portland stone was designed to replicate the features of the original. The bridge was reopened in October 1914.[8] In 1931, the trams were replaced by trolleybuses - before these were replaced by diesel buses in 1962.[13] Following construction of the Kingston Relief Road in the late 1980s, the bridge was widened again in 2000 to include two cycle lanes, larger pavements and a bus lane, from 55 feet (17 m) to 79 feet (24 m).

The bridge was given protection as a Grade II* listed structure in 1951.[14]

See also

Notes
  1. Interstices, also known as spans, are colloquially and, where arched, called arches.

References

Citations
  1. River Thames Alliance. Bridge heights on the River Thames.
  2. "Thames Down Link" (PDF). Surrey County Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  3. Kingston upon Thames, The Environs of London: volume 1: County of Surrey (1792), pp. 212–256. Date accessed: 30 September 2008
  4. "Kingston's History". Guided walks of Historic Kingston. Kingston Tour Guides. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  5. Thacker 1968, p. 455
  6. Thacker, Fred S. (1968) [reprint of 1920 edition]. The Thames Highway. Vol. 2, Locks and Weirs. David & Charles. p. 454.
  7. Thacker 1968, p. 456. Original quote from A Perambulation of the County of Surrey by John Aubrey pp.45–46.
  8. Croad, Stephen (2003). Liquid History: The Thames Through Time. Batsford Books. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7134-8834-0.
  9. "New bridge, Kingston-upon-Thames". The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register. 15: 559–6. 1 December 1825. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  10. "Old Kingston Bridge and Undercroft" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  11. "Trams, The trams came to Middlesex at the start of the 20th century - Twickenham Museum". www.twickenham-museum.org.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  12. "Basil Mott - Graces Guide". www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  13. "London United Tramway Car 320, Kingston Bridge". www.tramwayinfo.com. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  14. Historic England (30 July 1951). "Kingston Bridge (1300232)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 July 2020.

Sources
  • Kingston New Bridge, in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction Volume XII., No. 324, 26 July 1828
  • Kingston Bridge at Structurae
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