Kingdom of Mangalai

Mangalai (Chinese: 曼尕賴; pinyin: Màngǎlài) was a 13th-century kingdom with its capital in East Turkistan's Aksu city. Mentioned by Marco Polo, it was subservient to Genghis Khan from 1224 to his death in 1227. On the edge of the Yuan dynasty, Mangalai was controlled by the Chagatai Khanate. Its latter history sees periods of autonomy or inclusion of one of many larger kingdoms including: Mogulistan, Kashgar, and Kingdom of Kashgaria. In 1877 the area came under the control of the Qing dynasty and remains part of the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang.

Position of Aksu in East Turkistan (yellow). Aksu was the former capital of Mangalai


List of rulers

Early time and Mongol conquests
Date Ruler's name
1220-c. 1240 Babdagan

Babdagan allied with Genghis Khan and his Mongols (1224–1227) playing taxes to them and providing military assistance thus keeping his kingdom. With the death of Genghis, the area came within the Chagatai Khanate from 1227 to 1348.

Date Ruler's name
1240c.-1260 Urtu Baraq
1260–1340 unknown
1340–1362 Puladchi

1348-1514 A part of Mogulistan
Date Ruler's name Notes
1362 – c. 1390 Hudaidad
c. 1390 – c. 1420 Seyyed Ahmad Mirza
c. 1420 – 1457 Seyyed 'Ali
1457–1464 Sansiz Mirza
1464–1480 Muhammad Haidar Mirza (in Yarkand 1457–1480)
1480–1514 Mirza Abu Bakr (the Khoja in Kashgar 1480–1514)
1504–1514 Mansur Khan ibn Ahmad (Mogulistan 1508–14, Turfan 1503–45) his rule was opposed by Imal Khodja ibn Mansur Khan
1514–1516 Imal Khodja ibn Mansur Khan 1514-1516 Independent from Mogulistan
1516–1521 part of Mogulistan again
1521–1533 Abd ar-Rashid Khan I (Mogulistan 1533–60)
1534–1588 Muhammad Khan ibn Abd ar-Rashid Opposed by: Abd al-Karim Khan ibn Abd ar-Rashid
1534–1560 Abd al-Karim Khan ibn Abd ar-Rashid
1588–1591 Muhammad Baki Sultan
1591–1596 Shah Khodja ad-Din Ahmad Khan (at Kashgar 1596–1609)
1596–1609 Timur Sultan (in Kashgar 1609–1614)
1609–1614 Hashim Mirza Bairin
1614–1615 Iskandar Sultan
1615–1632 Sultan Ahmad
1632–1638 Abdallah Khan
1638–1641 Gazi Shah Khodja
1641–1642 Shah Beg
1642–1651 Shahid Mirza Churas
1651–1666 Nur ad-Din Khan (Mogulistan 1669)
1666–1670 Ismail Khan (Mogulistan 1669, 1670–78, 1679–82)
1670–1743 Part of Kashgar
1743–1755 Ayyub Khodja
1756–1759 Avdai Beg
1759–1864 Qing Dynasty China
1864–1866 Sadiq Beg
1866–1877 Part of the Kingdom of Kashgaria (or Xinjiang)
1877 Hakim Khan Tura
1877 onward Part of China.
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