Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin

Wisconsin Dells is a city in Wisconsin, straddling four counties: Adams, Columbia, Juneau, and Sauk. A popular Midwestern tourist destination, the city forms an area known as "The Dells" with the nearby village of Lake Delton. The Dells is home to several water parks and tourist attractions.[7] It is about 42 miles (68 km) northwest of Madison, Wisconsin, the state's capital city. Wisconsin Dells has a population of 2,942 people as of the 2020 census.[4]

This article is about the popular Midwestern tourist destination. For the gorge on the Wisconsin River, see Dells of the Wisconsin River.

Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin
City
Downtown Wisconsin Dells looking west
Downtown Wisconsin Dells looking west
Nickname(s): 
The Dells, The Waterpark Capital of the World[1]
Location of Wisconsin Dells in Wisconsin
Location of Wisconsin Dells in Wisconsin
Wisconsin Dells is located in Wisconsin
Wisconsin Dells
Wisconsin Dells
Wisconsin Dells is located in the United States
Wisconsin Dells
Wisconsin Dells
Coordinates: 43.6374°N 89.7788°W / 43.6374; -89.7788
Country United States
State Wisconsin
CountiesColumbia, Sauk, Adams, Juneau
Founded1857
Renamed1931
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • MayorEdward Wojnicz
Area
[2]
 • Total8.18 sq mi (21.19 km2)
 • Land7.84 sq mi (20.30 km2)
 • Water0.34 sq mi (0.89 km2)
Elevation
[3]
909 ft (277 m)
Population
 (2020)[4]
 • Total2,942
 • Density375.3/sq mi (144.9/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (Central)
ZIP Code
53965
Area code608
FIPS code55-88150[5]
GNIS feature ID1576900[6]
Websitewww.citywd.org

The city takes its name from the Dells of the Wisconsin River, a scenic, glacial-formed gorge that features sandstone formations along the banks of the Wisconsin River. The Columbia County portion of Wisconsin Dells is located in the Madison Metropolitan Statistical area, the Sauk County portion is a part of the Baraboo Micropolitan Statistical area, both of which are a part of the larger Madison CSA.

History

The natural formation of the Dells was named by Early French explorers as dalles, a rapids or narrows on a river in voyageur French.[8] Wisconsin Dells is located on ancestral Ho-Chunk and Menominee land.[9] The Ho-Chunk name for Wisconsin Dells is Nįįš hakiisųc, meaning "rocks close together".[10]

According to Indian agent Joseph Montfort Street, the Sauk leader Black Hawk sought refuge with Ho-Chunks near the Dells of the Wisconsin River at the end of the Black Hawk War of 1832 before surrendering to the United States,[11][12] but more recent research has argued that this was a mistranslation of the true location.[13][14] The U.S. acquired the land in treaties with the Ho-Chunk nation in 1837 and with the Menominee in 1848,[9] but Ho-Chunk people who resisted the U.S. policy of Indian removal continued to return to the area and eventually acquired small homesteads.[15]

The city of Wisconsin Dells was founded in 1856 by the Wisconsin Hydraulic Company, a dam-building and real estate investment business. The town was originally named Kilbourn City for Byron Kilbourn, the president of the La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad Company, which was then preparing to build a railroad across the Wisconsin River to connect Milwaukee and La Crosse, Wisconsin.[16] The railroad's route caused great local controversy. Boosters and speculators had anticipated the river crossing two miles downriver, where they had established the town of Newport, Wisconsin, and attracted around 1,500 residents by 1855.[17] When the railroad instead completed a slightly more northern route in 1857, Newport rapidly turned into a ghost town as its residents relocated to the site of the railroad bridge, bringing many buildings and even a church from the earlier town to reassemble in Kilbourn City.[18]

In 1859, lumbermen destroyed the Wisconsin Hydraulic Company's new dam at Kilbourn City because it blocked the flow of timber rafts down the river. This led the company's main creditor, Byron Kilbourn, to foreclose on its property and take ownership of most of the city's real estate.[19]

Tourism

Kilbourn City quickly became a popular travel destination in the Midwest due to the scenery of the Dells of the Wisconsin River and the ready railroad access. In 1856, entrepreneur Leroy Gates began taking tourists on boat tours of the Wisconsin Dells and promoting the town to railroad travelers. These tours were given using wooden rowboats until 1873 when two excursion steamers, the Modocawanda and the Dell Queen launched.[20] Gates also established a photography studio in the city, which he sold to photographer H. H. Bennett in 1865.[21] Over the following decades, Bennett took many photos of the sandstone formations in the dells, including stereoscopic views, as well as portraits of local Ho-Chunk people in Indian costume. Prints of Bennett's photographs were distributed across the United States and played a large role in promoting Kilbourn City as an exotic destination for sightseers.[22][23] The H. H. Bennett Studio is now a historic site operated by the Wisconsin Historical Society.[24]

In 1909, the Kilbourn Dam was completed across the Wisconsin River to generate hydroelectricity, over the protests of people such as H. H. Bennett,[25] separating the Dells into the Upper and Lower Dells.[26] It is now owned by Alliant Energy.[27]

In 1928 Mr. Clinton Berry established Berry's Dells airport. It occupied sixty acres and was designated on government maps as beacon No. 19. Berry built the airport to carry visitors to the Dells from the surrounding metropolitan areas.[28]

Kilbourn City shortened its name to Kilbourn in 1895 and then changed its name to Wisconsin Dells in 1931, identifying itself with the famous natural landscape of the Dells of the Wisconsin River.[29][30]

In 1952, a new traveling performance from Chicago called "Tommy Bartlett's Thrill Show" came to Lake Delton on its second stop. Following the show's huge success in the city, its owner, Tommy Bartlett, chose to keep the performance permanently in Wisconsin Dells. To promote the show, Bartlett gave away bumper stickers advertising his thrill show and the city, effectively spreading word about the area across the nation. That tourist attraction closed permanently in 2020.[31]

Soon more attractions followed to serve the ever-increasing tourists, along with many hotels, shops, and restaurants. Today, a large number of water parks are central to the local economy.[32]

Lake Delton, Wisconsin Dells's sister city to the south, gradually became popular as the Dells attractions spread out. The Wonder Spot was founded in Lake Delton in 1952, and remained open until 2006.[33]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.18 square miles (21.19 km2), of which 7.84 square miles (20.31 km2) is land and 0.34 square miles (0.88 km2) is water.[34] According to the Wisconsin Department of Administration,[35] on January 19, 2004, the city annexed land from the Town of Lyndon in Juneau County, thus expanding the city to include area in four counties. It is mostly located in Columbia County.

Climate

Wisconsin Dells has a humid continental climate.

On July 13, 1936, the temperature in Wisconsin Dells reached 114 °F (46 °C), the highest ever recorded in the state of Wisconsin.[36]

Climate data for Wisconsin Dells, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1922–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 63
(17)		 67
(19)		 84
(29)		 91
(33)		 104
(40)		 102
(39)		 114
(46)		 104
(40)		 101
(38)		 90
(32)		 81
(27)		 67
(19)		 114
(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 46.0
(7.8)		 52.0
(11.1)		 66.6
(19.2)		 78.7
(25.9)		 86.4
(30.2)		 91.5
(33.1)		 92.7
(33.7)		 91.1
(32.8)		 88.3
(31.3)		 80.3
(26.8)		 64.5
(18.1)		 50.9
(10.5)		 94.9
(34.9)
Average high °F (°C) 26.4
(−3.1)		 31.4
(−0.3)		 43.3
(6.3)		 56.8
(13.8)		 69.4
(20.8)		 78.9
(26.1)		 82.5
(28.1)		 80.5
(26.9)		 73.1
(22.8)		 59.6
(15.3)		 44.3
(6.8)		 31.9
(−0.1)		 56.5
(13.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 17.2
(−8.2)		 21.2
(−6.0)		 32.5
(0.3)		 45.0
(7.2)		 57.3
(14.1)		 67.2
(19.6)		 71.0
(21.7)		 68.9
(20.5)		 60.9
(16.1)		 48.2
(9.0)		 35.1
(1.7)		 23.5
(−4.7)		 45.7
(7.6)
Average low °F (°C) 8.0
(−13.3)		 10.9
(−11.7)		 21.8
(−5.7)		 33.2
(0.7)		 45.2
(7.3)		 55.6
(13.1)		 59.6
(15.3)		 57.2
(14.0)		 48.6
(9.2)		 36.8
(2.7)		 25.9
(−3.4)		 15.2
(−9.3)		 34.8
(1.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −16.2
(−26.8)		 −11.4
(−24.1)		 −1.9
(−18.8)		 18.1
(−7.7)		 28.9
(−1.7)		 40.1
(4.5)		 47.1
(8.4)		 44.5
(6.9)		 33.1
(0.6)		 21.7
(−5.7)		 8.2
(−13.2)		 −7.4
(−21.9)		 −20.5
(−29.2)
Record low °F (°C) −43
(−42)		 −38
(−39)		 −29
(−34)		 0
(−18)		 21
(−6)		 31
(−1)		 41
(5)		 32
(0)		 24
(−4)		 −2
(−19)		 −11
(−24)		 −27
(−33)		 −43
(−42)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.32
(34)		 1.38
(35)		 2.28
(58)		 4.08
(104)		 4.38
(111)		 5.11
(130)		 4.04
(103)		 4.22
(107)		 3.84
(98)		 2.82
(72)		 2.23
(57)		 1.77
(45)		 37.47
(954)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 11.5
(29)		 10.2
(26)		 5.9
(15)		 2.0
(5.1)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.4
(1.0)		 2.0
(5.1)		 8.7
(22)		 40.7
(103.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 7.3 6.7 8.0 10.8 12.0 11.2 9.4 9.5 9.4 9.8 8.1 9.0 111.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 6.6 5.8 3.1 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.8 5.7 24.4
Source 1: NOAA[37]
Source 2: National Weather Service[38]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18701,114—
1880945−15.2%
18909611.7%
19001,13418.0%
19101,1703.2%
19201,2063.1%
19301,48923.5%
19401,76218.3%
19501,95711.1%
19602,1057.6%
19702,40114.1%
19802,5215.0%
19902,393−5.1%
20002,4181.0%
20102,67810.8%
20202,9429.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[39]

Because it straddles multiple counties, Wisconsin Dells is part of several Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs). The Columbia County portion of the city is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area, while the Sauk County portion is part of the Baraboo Micropolitan Statistical Area. The Adams and Juneau county portions are not part of any metropolitan or micropolitan area.

2020 census

As of the census of 2020,[4] the population was 2,942. The population density was 375.3 inhabitants per square mile (144.9/km2). There were 1,512 housing units at an average density of 192.9 per square mile (74.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 85.2% White, 2.9% Black or African American, 1.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 5.6% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 12.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 2020 total population of 2,942, the population by county was:

  • Adams County: 105
  • Columbia County: 2449
  • Juneau County: 4
  • Sauk County: 384

2010 census

As of the census[40] of 2010, there were 2,678 people, 1,148 households, and 659 families residing in the city. The population density was 363.9 inhabitants per square mile (140.5/km2). There were 1,485 housing units at an average density of 201.8 per square mile (77.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.5% White, 0.7% African American, 1.8% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.3% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.4% of the population.

There were 1,148 households, of which 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.6% were non-families. 33.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the city was 40.3 years. 20.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.4% were from 25 to 44; 26.6% were from 45 to 64; and 17.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.

Of the 2010 total population of 2,678, the population by county was:

  • Adams County: 61
  • Columbia County: 2,440
  • Juneau County: 2
  • Sauk County: 175

2000 census

As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 2,418 people, 1,019 households, and 609 families residing in the city. The population density was 583.1 people per square mile (225.1 people/km2). There were 1,178 housing units at an average density of 284.1 per square mile (109.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.56% White, 0.37% African American, 0.87% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.33% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.70% of the population.

There were 1,019 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.2% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,699, and the median income for a family was $46,304. Males had a median income of $29,830 versus $22,553 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,447. About 4.0% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Amphibious DUKW vehicle in Wisconsin Dells

Tourism is the major contributor to the economy of Wisconsin Dells. The Dells area has many indoor and outdoor waterparks, proclaiming itself the "Waterpark Capital of the World".[7] Other attractions include boat tours, zip-lining, golf courses, mini golf, go-kart tracks, water sports, horseback riding, a water ski show known as the Tommy Bartlett's Thrill Show (now closed), museums, amusement parks, Wizard Quest,[41] and a casino.[42] Most attractions are located on the Strip, otherwise known as the Wisconsin Dells Parkway. Accommodations range from economical motels to RV parks to chain hotels to themed resorts featuring indoor and outdoor waterparks and other amenities.

Amphibious DUKW vehicles called "ducks" began offering duck tours to tourists in Wisconsin Dells in 1946. The tours visit wilderness trails and enter nearby Lake Delton and the Wisconsin River. One company, Original Wisconsin Ducks, has more than 90 vehicles and is the largest operator of duck tours in the United States. Mayor Brian Landers stated, "Many of our own residents take duck rides. I've taken duck rides myself".[43][44]

Since the late 1970s, the Dells area (Wisconsin Dells and Lake Delton) has become a water park mecca. Noah's Ark Waterpark opened in Lake Delton in 1979 and has become the largest and the eighth most visited water park in the U.S. Other outdoor amusement and water parks followed, featuring water slides, mini golf, roller coasters, go-karts, and other attractions.

The Polynesian Resort Hotel opened the United States' and the Dells area's first indoor waterpark in 1994. Since then, the number of combination resort/indoor waterparks in the Wisconsin Dells area has swelled, with each new indoor waterpark trying to have the latest innovations in waterslides and to be able to claim the title of America's largest park.

The Big 5 Dells resorts with large indoor waterparks are the Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park, Wilderness Territory, Kalahari Resort, Chula Vista Resort, and Great Wolf Lodge. Other smaller hotels with waterparks include the Atlantis Resort.

In 2005, Big Chief Karts and Coasters merged with the former Family Land Waterpark and Treasure Island Hotel to create a large theme park on the border of Lake Delton and Wisconsin Dells, with a resort called Hotel Rome, an indoor waterpark, outdoor waterpark, theme park, and the area's first indoor theme park. The park, which has roller coasters, go-karts, and water slides, is called Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park.

The Tanger Outlet Center opened in 2006 near the Great Wolf Lodge, replacing the defunct Wisconsin Dells Greyhound Park, which opened in May 1990, but closed in 1996 due to heavy competition from the nearby Ho-Chunk Gaming Wisconsin Dells Bingo/Casino. Since Mt. Olympus opened the Parthenon Indoor Theme Park in 2006, two more indoor theme parks were constructed in the area: Knuckleheads outside the Tanger Complex in 2007, and Kalahari Resort in December 2008. New attractions being constructed include more indoor waterpark resorts, the Grand Cambrian Resort, and the Wedge Resort.

Media

Wisconsin Dells is served by a local newspaper, Wisconsin Dells Events, and 2 local radio stations, WNNO and WDLS.[45] The Wisconsin Dells Events is published by Capital Newspapers, which publishes multiple newspapers in south central Wisconsin.[46] WNNO-FM broadcasts at 106.9 MHz and covers an area 20 miles in radius centered on Wisconsin Dells.[47] WDLS broadcasts on 900 AM.

Infrastructure

Buildings

Bus

Greyhound Lines provides intrastate and interstate bus service to Wisconsin Dells[48] on its Chicago - Milwaukee - Madison - Minneapolis route.[49]

Rail

The Empire Builder, operated by Amtrak, provides daily rail service from the Wisconsin Dells Amtrak station.[50][51] The station was built in the 1980s in the style of the original station. Freight railroad service is provided by the Canadian Pacific Railway under the Soo Line Railroad umbrella.

Utilities
  • Frontier Communications

Education

It is in the Wisconsin Dells School District, which operates Wisconsin Dells High School.

Notable people
  • Lower Dells intersection between downtown and "The Strip"
    Lower Dells intersection between downtown and "The Strip"
  • Pirate's Cove, a miniature golf business
    Pirate's Cove, a miniature golf business
  • Hades Rollercoaster at Mt. Olympus
    Hades Rollercoaster at Mt. Olympus
  • Trojan Horse go-kart track at Mt. Olympus
    Trojan Horse go-kart track at Mt. Olympus
  • Poseidons Rage surf pool at Mt. Olympus
    Poseidons Rage surf pool at Mt. Olympus
  • "Top Secret", an upside-down White House
    "Top Secret", an upside-down White House
  • Municipal Building
    Municipal Building
  • Wawbeek-Horace A.J. Upham House
    Wawbeek-Horace A.J. Upham House
  • Jacob Weber House
    Jacob Weber House
  • Wizard Quest Lobby, 2022
    Wizard Quest Lobby, 2022

Sister city

Wisconsin Dells has one sister city.

See also

Notes
  1. "How did Wisconsin Dells become 'the waterpark capital of the world'?". January 19, 2022.
  2. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  3. "Wisconsin Dells". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  4. "2020 Decennial Census: Wisconsin Dells city, Wisconsin". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  5. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  6. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  7. "Wisconsin Dells Area Information". Wisconsin Dells Visitor & Convention Bureau. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
  8. Goc (1999), p. 5
  9. Wisconsin Cartographers' Guild (1998). Wisconsin's past and present: a historical atlas. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 6–9. ISBN 0-299-15940-X.
  10. Helmbrecht, Johannes; Lehmann, Christian (June 1, 2010). Hocak Teaching Materials, Volume 1: Elements of Grammar/Learner's Dictionary. SUNY Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4384-3339-4.
  11. Lawson, Publius V. (1907). "The Winnebago Tribe". The Wisconsin Archeologist. 6 (3): 112.
  12. "Early Tourism and Wisconsin Dells". Wisconsin Historical Society. August 3, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  13. Lurie, Nancy Oestreich (April 1, 1988). "In Search of Chaetar: New Findings on Black Hawk's Surrender". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 71 (3): 162–183. ISSN 0043-6534. JSTOR 4636124. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  14. Hoelscher 2008, p. 94.
  15. Hoelscher 2008, pp. 58–61.
  16. Butterfield 1880, p. 809.
  17. Jones 1914, p. 396.
  18. Jones 1914, p. 264,396-397.
  19. Butterfield 1880, pp. 809, 814.
  20. Hoelscher 1997, pp. 428–429.
  21. Hoelscher 2008, p. 36.
  22. Temmer 2002, p. 15.
  23. Hoelscher 2008, pp. 3–7, 63–108.
  24. "About Us". H.H. Bennett Studio. Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  25. Hoelscher 2008, pp. 136, 176.
  26. Hoelscher 1997, p. 444.
  27. Newman, Judy (July 29, 2009). "AN OLD DAM STILL CHURNIAn Old Dam Still Churning And The 100-Year-Old Kilbourn Dam Does More Than Just Provide Electricity". madison.com. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  28. Airport at dells. (1928, May 26). The Daily Northwestern, p. 13.
  29. "Wisconsin Dells History". Wisconsin Dells. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  30. "Kilbourn City, Wis". Wisconsin Historical Society. December 1, 2003. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  31. Sarah Hauer and Joe Taschler. "Tommy Bartlett Show in Wisconsin Dells is closing permanently because of business losses". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, September 16, 2020.
  32. Mentzer, Robert (August 18, 2020). "Wisconsin Vacation Area Struggles To Survive During Pandemic". NPR's Morning Edition. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  33. George Hesselberg. "The Wonder Spot’ to disappear: Old-school Dells tourist attraction closing for good". La Crosse Tribune. January 12, 2007. Retrieved on June 5, 2009.
  34. "2020 Gazetteer Files". census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  35. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 31, 2004. Retrieved March 4, 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. "Climatological Extremes for Wisconsin - Highest Temperature by Month". Wisconsin State Climatology Office. April 8, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  37. "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Wisconsin Dells, WI". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  38. "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Milwaukee". National Weather Service. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  39. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  40. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  41. Gittings, John (February 4, 2022). "Evers presents $3.5 million Elm Street grant in Wisconsin Dells". WISC News. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  42. "Wisconsin Dells Attractions". Wisconsin Dells Tourism Authority. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
  43. Severson, Gordon (October 12, 2015). "City Leaders Confident in Safety of Wisconsin Dells "Duck Rides" After Fatal Accident in Seattle". WKOW Television. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  44. "Original Wisconsin Ducks Celebrates 70 Years of Operation". Amusement Today. May 8, 2015.
  45. "Wisconsin Dells Media". Wisconsin Dells Tourism Authority. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
  46. "About Capital Newspapers". Capital Newspapers. November 5, 2009. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
  47. "Mix 106.9 WNNO-FM - Station Info". Mix 106.9 WNNO-FM. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
  48. "Greyhound - Wisconsin Dells, WI". Greyhound Lines, Inc. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  49. "Chicago - Milwaukee - Madison - Minneapolis: Table 304" (PDF). Greyhound Lines, Inc. June 19, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  50. "Amtrak - Empire Builder Train". National Railroad Passenger Corporation. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  51. "Amtrak - Stations - Wisconsin Dells, WI (WDL)". National Railroad Passenger Corporation. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  52. "Belle Boyd". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  53. 'Coapman Services,' Wisconsin State Journal, March 9, 1943, pg. 14
  54. Minnesota State Law Library-James H. Quinn Archived 2014-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
  55. Joan Jensen, Calling this Place Home: Women on the Wisconsin Frontier, 1850-1925 p. 33
  56. Krejci, Anna (October 22, 2010). "Dells-Iwaizumi mark 20 years of sister city relations". Wisconsin Dells Events. Retrieved July 20, 2013.

References
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