Kharija ibn Hudhafa

Kharija ibn Hudhafa hailed from the Quraysh tribe of Mecca.[1] The specific clan to which he belonged is a matter of contradiction in the traditional Muslim sources; the Banu Sahm, Banu Adi and Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy are all mentioned as Kharija's clan.[1][2] Kharija was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He gained distinction for his bravery and horsemanship during Muhammad's lifetime.[3] In 640, Caliph Umar (r. 634–644) dispatched him as one of four commanders an Arab army led by al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam to reinforce the campaign of Amr ibn al-As to conquer Byzantine Egypt.[3][4] After the Muslim victory at the Battle of Heliopolis (Ain Shams), Amr had Kharija's brother Abd Allah take possession of Heliopolis and establish terms with the inhabitants of the surrounding villages.[5] After the fall of Babylon in April 641, Amr dispatched Kharija to conquer the Fayyum oasis, Hermopolis (el-Ashmunein), Akhmim, Bashrudat and the villages of Upper Egypt and make similar terms with their inhabitants.[5][6]

While Amr was away besieging Alexandria, he left Kharija as his deputy over the Arab capital in Egypt, Fustat.[6] He made Kharija the qāḍī (chief judge) of Egypt, where he became popular, and the head of his shurṭa (select troops or security forces).[3] He remained in this office for at least two years into Caliph Uthman's reign (644–656) or throughout Uthman's reign.[7] As opposition to Uthman culminated with a siege of his house in Medina, Kharija was at the forefront of those in Egypt calling to support the caliph.[8] On 22 January 661, Amr, who had been restored to the governorship of Egypt and restored Kharija as the head of his shurṭa, made Kharija stand in for him to lead the Friday prayers as he was ill.[9][10] A Kharijite assassin intending to kill Amr during the prayers killed Kharija instead, mistaking him for Amr.[9] The assassin was subsequently apprehended and executed by Amr.[10] In a letter sent to the latter in the aftermath of the assassination, Caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680) called Kharija a sheikh (chief or elder) of the Quraysh and consoled Amr as Kharija's "paternal uncle and his companion, above his male relatives".[11] One of Kharija's wives was a Kindite woman and his last recorded descendant was his grandson al-Zubayr ibn Suhayl.

• Ahmed, Asad Q. (2010). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies. Oxford: University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research. ISBN 978-1-900934-13-8.
• Bruning, Jelle (2018). The Rise of a Capital: Al-Fusṭāṭ and Its Hinterland, 18-132/639-750. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-36635-0.
• Hawting, G. R., ed. (1996). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XVII: The First Civil War: From the Battle of Siffīn to the Death of ʿAlī, A.D. 656–661/A.H. 36–40. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2393-6.
• Hitti, Philip Khuri (2011) [1916]. The Origins of the Islamic State: Being a Translation from the Arabic Accompanied With Annotations, Geographic and Historic Notes of the Kitab Futuh al-Buldan. New York: Cosimo Classics. ISBN 978-1-61640-534-2.
• Humphreys, R. Stephen, ed. (1990). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XV: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of ʿUthmān, A.D. 644–656/A.H. 24–35. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0154-5.
• Raisuddin, Abu Nayeem Muhammad (April 1981). "Amr ibn al-As and His Conquest of Egypt". Islamic Culture. 55 (4): 277–290.
• Wensinck, A. J. (1960). "ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ al-Sahmī". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume I: A–B (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 451. OCLC 495469456.