Kawa model

The Kawa model is a culturally responsive conceptual framework used in occupational therapy to understand and guide the therapeutic process.[1] Developed by Japanese occupational therapists, the model draws upon the metaphor of a river to describe human occupation and its relationship to well-being. The overarching goal of use is to "provide a culturally flexible model to aid occupational therapists to improve communication with clients, to better understand what a client finds meaningful and important, and to design optimal client-centered interventions."[2]: 17 

In Japanese, kawa (かわ) means river, and the model uses the metaphor of a river to represent a person's life flow or occupational journey. The river represents the dynamic and ever-changing nature of life, while rocks, debris, and other elements in the river symbolize obstacles, challenges, and personal experiences. The model emphasizes that each person's river is unique and influenced by cultural, social, and personal factors.

The Kawa model incorporates five main elements: water, river banks and space, rocks, and driftwood. In the model, "water (mizu) represents life flow and health, driftwood (ryuboku) represents personal assets and liabilities, rocks (iwa) represent life circumstances and problems, and the river walls (torimaki) represent physical and social environmental factors."[1]: 1 

History

Along with a team of Japanese occupational therapists, Dr. Michael Iwama first developed the Kawa model in 1999 alongside a team of Japanese occupational therapists (OTs).[1][2] Dr. Iwama was looking to develop an occupational therapy model that could be easily understood by clients, not just practitioners and scholars.[3] Dr. Iwama, coming from a Canadian background, imagined a model that utilized boxes and squares with arrows between them, but his Japanese colleagues envisioned the river, in part due to the popularity of the song "Kawa no nagare no yō ni" ("Like the Flow of the River") by Hibari Misora, which depicted life as a river.[3] Iwama's colleagues believed the metaphor of the river would resonate more deeply with their clients than Iwama's original idea because of their connection with nature, as well as their collectivistic perspective.[3]

The model is the first "in occupational therapy (OT) practice that was developed from clinical practice outside of the Western English-speaking world through qualitative research."[1]: 1  Because "Eastern culture emphasizes the harmony between the person and environmental factors, which is believed to enhance health and well-being[,] ... the model focuses heavily on the client’s environmental contexts and how that impacts the flow of harmony in life, rather than mainly focusing on the individual client."[1]: 1 

In 2006, Iwama published The Kawa Model: Culturally Relevant Occupational Therapy, a textbook that provides an overview of the model.

The model is now actively taught in over 500 OT programs and is utilized on six continents.[1]: 1 

Core concepts

Water

The concept of "water" represents an individual's life flow and priorities, including their cognition, emotion, physical impairments, occupations, roles, and life experiences. Generally speaking, water flows from a mountain, which would symbolize a person's birth and runs into an ocean or other large body of water, which would represent the person's death.[4] Because "water is fluid and ever changing,"[5]: 373  it reflects the dynamic nature of occupation and the constant interaction between individuals and their environment. Iwama and other proponents of the model suggest that without water flowing and moving, life is stagnant.[1]: 1  Further, water is impacted by the structural environment (e.g., rocks and riverbanks) much like an individual's " life flow can be shaped, enhanced, or diminished" by physical, social, and other environments.[5]: 373  Beyond the water's ability to flow, OTs may ask clients to describe how the river is flowing, such as whether it is choppy or smooth.[6]

According to the model, if the river has a “strong, deep, unimpeded flow,”[7]: 1129  the individual should experience optimal well-being.[2]

River banks

The concept of "river banks" represents external factors that influence a person's life flow, including social and physical environments and contexts. These may include cultural norms, social expectations, family, and environmental conditions. These factors can support or hinder the person's occupational journey. However, in the best circumstances, "these external elements would support and guide the client through difficult times just as the banks of the river support its flow."[4]: 1 

Rocks

The concept of "rocks" represents obstacles, challenges, and life events that may disrupt or impact a person's occupational well-being. They can include physical or mental health conditions, personal difficulties, or environmental barriers.[5]

When visually depicting their life journey, individuals may consider the location and size of rocks, which would indicate when the event occurred, as well as the how the individual perceives it.[4] If an individual perceives an event or challenge as being highly impactful and disruptive to their life, the rock would be larger, whereas a smaller rock may represent a more minute challenge.[4]

Driftwood

The concept of "driftwood" represents personal traits and skills individuals can use to navigate their occupational journey.[8] Driftwood can include personal traits (e.g., being optimistic or determined); personal skill sets and experiences (e.g., being trained in carpentry); specific beliefs, values and principles; and/or material/social capital (e.g., financial wealth or strong social networks).[8]: 9 

Importantly, driftwood can have either a positive or negative impact on the river's flow.[4][5] Driftwood is intended to flow down the river, but sometimes it may become stuck on a rock and become an impediment; however, it may also unearth rocks to make them less challenging.[4][5]

Spaces

The concept of "spaces" represents "opportunities for expanding flow and well-being in accordance with the client’s perspective and priorities."[1]: 1 

Using the metaphor, the overarching goal of occupational therapy is to increase spaces for water to flow through the river. Occupational therapists (OTs) can then work with their clients to decrease the size of rocks, widen the river banks, and/or better utilize driftwood.[8]: 10  For the former, clients may find ways to eliminate burdens in their life and/or develop strategies to overcome those barriers.[8]: 10  To widen river banks, occupational therapists may work with clients to implement universal design methods into their daily lives and/or find other ways to alter the physical environment to make it less of a barrier.[8]: 10  Lastly, OTs can work with clients to better utilize existing skill sets and attributes and/or develop new ones to help address barriers. Through these practices, the client's well-being should be positively impacted.[8]: 10 

Use

When utilizing the Kawa model, occupational therapists (OTs) often begin by requesting their clients create a visual representation of their life using the river metaphor described above.[2][4] During and after the client's creation, the OT will ask "open-ended, clarifying questions, using a collaborative approach to ensure that the model provides an accurate representation of the client’s perceptions of his or her life."[2]: 17  The discussion should allow the OT and client "to explore life’s problems, to discuss support systems, and to brainstorm effective methods of problem resolution."[4]: 2 

Importantly, the Kawa model is meant to be used as a flexible guide,[8] meaning "it can be used differently with each client, centering on the client’s perspective and narrative rather than a specific procedural agenda."[2]: 17 

In an interview, Iwama discussed how the model may be used for individuals who may not be able to communicate their life flow for themselves (e.g., individuals with severe cognitive impairments, young children, or people with dementia).[3] In these cases, among others, Iwama suggested communicated with a group of people who are close to the individual to collectively discuss the individual's values, barriers, and priorities and thus, as a group, develop their personal Kawa model and collectively problem-solve how to help the individual's river flow.[3]

Some researchers have also suggested using the model for interprofessional discussions regarding clients as a tool to promote team-building collaboration.[4][9] Importantly, "teambuilding has been positively correlated with job satisfaction, and quality of client care," whereas "a lack of teamwork can lead to decrease morale/job satisfaction, decreased productivity and lost revenue, and decreased client satisfaction and quality of care."[4]: 2 

In one study, Lape et al. used the Kawa model within a collaborate care team to facilitate communication about a patient's care needs.[9] Using the model, the care team was able to develop a "holistic picture of [the client] that showcased each health care professional’s unique perspective, which was interwoven with the perspectives of the rest of the team."[9]: 3  Participants in the study found that using the model "provided a common language for interprofessional collaboration" and could be effectively used within their profession.[9]: 5 

Strengths

"Regardless of how the model was used in the reviewed research, such as a guiding OT approach, a client-centered assessment measure, or a tool to facilitate collaboration, an underlying theme in all studies examined was that the Kawa model provides a unique platform for open communication and deeper perspective. The model’s design aims to be culturally neutral while considering all factors that impact healthy life flow. This supports the model’s use as a tool in adaptable ways. All literature reviewed recommended further studies to support and investigate the use of the Kawa model in diverse contexts."[1]

Culturally responsive

More and more, occupational therapists (OTs) are recognizing that occupational therapy must be culturally aware and relevant to meet the needs of clients.[10] In large part, this is because an individual’s values, beliefs, ways of thinking and behaving are dependent upon their cultural backgrounds.[11] Therefore, "without cultural consideration occupational therapy may, in fact, be oppressive and counterproductive."[11]: 222 

Many occupational therapists (OT) consider the Kawa model to be culturally responsive.[10][11][5][2][12] This is, in part, because the model was developed outside the Western world and does not rely upon "Western cultural norms."[13]: 213  For example, occupational therapy models often focus on the future, despite some cultures being more focused on the past and present.[14] Additionally, because the model was developed by Japanese OTs, it has a more collectivistic focus than many Western models.[5] In part, this means the model embraces "interdependence within the social environment"[5]: 371  and the importance of relationships.[5] Overall, "the tenets of autonomy, self-sufficiency, and individual control, or superiority of the environment, commonly promoted by traditional models of occupation, do not take precedence within the Kawa model."[5]: 372 

Therapeutic partnership between the client and clinician

Many occupational therapists (OTs) find that the Kawa model helps develop a therapeutic partnership between the client and the clinician.[10][2][15][16] Because the model is client- centered (see below), it requires discussion between the OT and the client, as well as collaboration between them throughout the process, including discussions regarding the client's values and priorities, goal-setting, and more.[10]

Client-centered approach

More and more, occupational therapists (OTs) aim to keep their clients at the center of occupational therapy work, focusing on the client's perceived needs and priorities rather than focusing on pathologising clients' bodies.[10] In part, this is because "a person’s view on what is meaningful to them is unique".[10]: 222  That is, instead of deciding upon a set of practices that may be considered universally beneficial, OTs focus on what clients personally find valuable in their life. For example, OTs may spend time helping clients meaningfully participate in hobbies they enjoy (e.g., playing guitar) rather than focusing solely on necessary living tasks (e.g., bathing) and work tasks (e.g., typing on a keyboard).

Further, OTs are focusing on how they can teach client's skills, as well as how they can modify environments, to address their perceived needs.[10]

Many occupational therapists (OT) find that the Kawa model is highly client- centered, which helps OTs understand the client's perspectives and priorities.[2][5][10][17][18][6] In part, this is because the model encourages OTs to discuss with clients what they perceive as barriers, strengths, and opportunities.[2][10] Including clients in this discussion is "essential in facilitating an understanding of what is important and meaningful to clients and consequently facilitates their engagement in therapy."[10]: 230  Importantly, clients are also actively involved in goal-setting, which both centers the clients' values and increases their motivation to participate in therapy.[10]

Interprofessional collaboration

Many occupational therapists (OT) find that the Kawa model helps facilitate interprofessional collaboration.[9][4][19]

Limitations and criticisms

While many conceptual frameworks may be difficult to grasp, multiple studies have found that occupational therapists (OTs) who are new to the Kawa model, as well as those new to occupational therapy, may struggle to use the model with clients.[12][20][10][2][15] In part, this difficulty may result from an OT's lack of understanding regarding the model's foundational concepts.[2]

OTs' difficulty with use may also be due to their preconceptions of the model and metaphor.[10] That is, OTs may have a specific belief about how the model should be used, and when a client has a "unique interpretation,"[10]: 232  they may find difficulty working with the client. However, as discussed above, OTs are encouraged to center the clients' perspectives, including their personal and cultural interpretations of the model and occupational therapy.

Conversely, clients may struggle with the metaphor[10] and/or be skeptical about its use.[2] Iwama noted that "Westerners looking at the model for the first time may be concerned about where the ‘self’ is located in the model."[21]: 140  This can be seen in some studies in which a participant described the river as "one big wave hitting me over and over again."[6]: 4 

Further, the Kawa model relies upon in-depth discussions with clients. As such, OTs who do not have practice conversing with clients in-depth may struggle to understand their clients' perspectives and needs.[10] However, OTs with proficient interviewing skills may be "more confident in facilitating and guiding the participants to complete their drawings without fear of errors."[10]: 233 

The model's ambiguity may also be cause for criticism and impact ease of use. Individual's ability to connect with the metaphor can impact how well clients communicate their occupational needs.[2][22] Some researchers have also noted that the model doesn't focus on the individual's inner self, that is, the unique and independent part of them that is separate from their surroundings.[22] They also posit that it doesn't pay enough attention to the idea of belonging, which involves being actively involved in a social group and having specific roles and routines.[22] This ambiguity may also result in the OT imposing their own views and biases.[10][15]

References
  1. Ober, Jayme; Newbury, Rebecca; Lape, Jennifer (2022-04-15). "The Dynamic Use of the Kawa Model: A Scoping Review". The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy. 10 (2): 1–12. doi:10.15453/2168-6408.1952. ISSN 2168-6408.
  2. Newbury, Rebecca S.; Lape, Jennifer E. (January 2021). "Well-being, Aging in Place, and Use of the Kawa Model: A Pilot Study". Annals of International Occupational Therapy. 4 (1): 15–25. doi:10.3928/24761222-20200413-02. ISSN 2476-1222.
  3. Iwama, Michael (2014-01-27). Dr Michael Iwama shares insights into the Kawa Model for ETOS (Osnabruck, Germany) (Television production). YouTube. Retrieved 2023-05-30.
  4. Lape, Jennifer; Scaife, Brian (2017). "Use of the KAWA Model for Teambuilding with Rehabilitative Professionals: An Exploratory Study". Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. doi:10.46743/1540-580x/2017.1647. ISSN 1540-580X.
  5. Gregg, Brian T.; Howell, Dana M.; Quick, Charles D.; Iwama, Michael K. (2015-10-02). "The Kawa River Model: Applying Theory to Develop Interventions for Combat and Operational Stress Control". Occupational Therapy in Mental Health. 31 (4): 366–384. doi:10.1080/0164212X.2015.1075453. ISSN 0164-212X.
  6. Weis, Aaron; Kugel, Julie; Javaherian-Dysinger, Heather; Brun, Jessica De (2019-07-15). "Life After Losing an Adult Child to a Drug Overdose: A Kawa Perspective". The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy. 7 (3): 1–14. doi:10.15453/2168-6408.1488. ISSN 2168-6408.
  7. Iwama, Michael K.; Thomson, Nicole A.; Macdonald, Rona M.; Iwama, Michael K.; Thomson, Nicole A.; Macdonald, Rona M. (January 2009). "The Kawa model: The power of culturally responsive occupational therapy". Disability and Rehabilitation. 31 (14): 1125–1135. doi:10.1080/09638280902773711. ISSN 0963-8288.
  8. Teoh, J. Y.; Iwama, M. K., eds. (2015). The Kawa Model Made Easy: A Guide to Applying the Kawa Model in Occupational Therapy Practice (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-967-13863-0-9.
  9. Lape, Jennifer; Lukose, Ashley; Ritter, Diana; Scaife, Brian (2019-01-01). "Use of the Kawa Model to Facilitate Interprofessional Collaboration: A Pilot Study". Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 17 (1). doi:10.46743/1540-580X/2019.1780. ISSN 1540-580X.
  10. Carmody, Sarah; Nolan, Riona; Ni Chonchuir, Niamhh; Curry, Maria; Halligan, Catherine; Robinson, Katie (December 2007). "The guiding nature of thekawa (river) model in Ireland: creating both opportunities and challenges for occupational therapists". Occupational Therapy International. 14 (4): 221–236. doi:10.1002/oti.235.
  11. Aygün, Damla; Akel, Burcu Semin (2018-08-29). "Kawa Modeli'nin Kullanımına İlişkin Olumlu ve Olumsuz Özelliklerin İncelenmesi". Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi (in Turkish). 6 (2): 111–116. doi:10.30720/ered.463553. ISSN 2147-8945.
  12. Owen, Antonette (June 2014). Model use in occupational therapy practice with a focus on the Kawa Model (Thesis). University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
  13. Iwama, Michael K. (2006). "The Kawa (River) Model: nature, life flow and the power of culturally relevant occupational therapy". In Kronenberg, Frank; Algado, Salvador Simó; Pollard, Nick (eds.). Occupational Therapy Without Borders: Learning from the Spirit of Survivor. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 213–227. ISBN 0-4430-7440-2.
  14. Spadone, Richard A. (1992-08-01). "Internal-External Control and Temporal Orientation Among Southeast Asians and White Americans". The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 46 (8): 713–719. doi:10.5014/ajot.46.8.713. ISSN 0272-9490.
  15. Paxson, Donald; Winston, Kristin; Tobey, Thomas; Johnston, Sarah; Iwama, Michael (October 2012). "The Kawa Model: Therapists' Experiences in Mental Health Practice". Occupational Therapy in Mental Health. 28 (4): 340–355. doi:10.1080/0164212X.2012.708586. ISSN 0164-212X.
  16. Majapuro, Hanna (February 2017). Applicability of the Kawa Model as a Framework for the Occupational Therapy Process (PDF) (Thesis). Jönköping University.
  17. Janus, Edyta (2017-03-28). "Model KAWA w procesie terapii zajęciowej i możliwości jego wykorzystania w rehabilitacji pacjenta z zaburzeniami psychicznymi" [The Kawa Model in occupational therapy and its application in the rehabilitation of a mentally challenged patient]. Advances in Rehabilitation (in Polish). 31 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1515/rehab-2015-0059. ISSN 1734-4948.
  18. Lim, Kee Hean (2018). Personal journeys of recovery: Exploring the experiences of mental health service users engaging with the Kawa 'River' model (Thesis). Brunel University London.
  19. Ober, Jayme; Lape, Jennifer (2019-01-01). "Cultivating Acute Care Rehabilitation Team Collaboration Using the Kawa Model". Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 17 (3). doi:10.46743/1540-580X/2019.1827. ISSN 1540-580X.
  20. Aygün, Damla; Akel, Burcu Semin (2018-08-29). "Kawa Modeli'nin Kullanımına İlişkin Olumlu ve Olumsuz Özelliklerin İncelenmesi". Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi (in Turkish). 6 (2): 111–116. doi:10.30720/ered.463553. ISSN 2147-8945.
  21. Iwama, Michael (2006). The Kawa Model: Culturally Relevant Occupational Therapy. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone.
  22. Wada, Mineko (October 2011). "Strengthening the Kawa Model: Japanese Perspectives on Person, Occupation, and Environment". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 78 (4): 230–236. doi:10.2182/cjot.2011.78.4.4. ISSN 0008-4174.
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