Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar

Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar (Devanagari: कृष्णाजी प्रभाकर खाडिलकर) (25 November 1872 – 26 August 1948) was a Marathi writer from Bombay Presidency, British IndiaIndia. George calls him "a prominent lieutenant of Lokmanya Tilak". He was editor of Kesari, Lokmanya and Navakal. The subject of navakal is political, trade and market price Khadilkar in the beginning of his career wrote prose-plays, but achieved "even greater recognition" with plays like Svayamvara – which had songs which were based on Indian classical music. The notability of his dramatic technique, in his fifteen plays, was to "endow ancient Hindu legends and tales with contemporary political significance".[1] The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), remarks that while Annasaheb Kirloskar "laid the foundation of popular sangit natak", it saw its great rise and gradual decline with the advent of Khadilkar. It considers Khadilkar along with Bal Gandharva as "the architect of what later on came to be called the golden age of the Marathi drama".[2]

Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar
Native name
कृष्णाजी प्रभाकर खाडिलकर
Born(1872-11-25)25 November 1872
Sangli
Died26 August 1948(1948-08-26) (aged 75)
CitizenshipIndian
EducationDeccan College
Notable worksKichak Vadh

In 1921, after Tilak's death, Lokmanya was founded by admirers of Tilak. Khadilkar assumed its editorship. In 1923 he resigned because of his support of Gandhi's position in division of nationalist political opinion, under opposition from the promoters who rejected it. In March 1923 Khadilkar started his own newspaper Nava Kaal, which "supported Gandhi's programme" and its editorials "preached Gandhi's philosophy.[3][4]

Life and career

Khadilkar was born on 25 November 1872 in Sangli. At the age of 15, he wrote a novel, and the next year he wrote a play. He received his B.A. degree in 1892 from Deccan College in Pune. Out of his abiding interest in plays, he closely studied during his college years the plays of Sanskrit and English playwrights.

Association with Tilak

In 1897, Khadilkar joined the editorial staff of Bal Gangadhar Tilak's daily Kesari (केसरी). His ideas and literary style so closely matched those of Tilak that the readers of Kesari never knew as to which of the two had written the editorials appearing in the newspaper. In 1908 the colonial government arrested Tilak on charges of sedition for an article written by Khadilkar.[5] Tilak was sentenced to six years transportation to be served in Mandalay.[6]

During 1908–10, Khadilkar served as the chief editor of Tilak's English daily Maratha besides serving on the editorial board of Kesari. In 1910, he left the editorship of both Kesari and Maratha, but returned to work as the editor of Keasari during 1917–20.

Plotted Nepalese invasion of India

Khadilkar was a part of plot that envisioned the invasion of India by the only indedendent Hindu King of a part of India: The king of Nepal. This invasion was to spark an uprising within the country in his support, so that India would be one sovereign Hindu state under the King of Nepal. Tilak's trusted lieutenants Vasukaka Joshi and Khadilkar, entered Nepal, "where they set up a tile factory, as a respectale front for an arms and munitions plant designed to supply to the invading Nepalese army." A Maharashtrian school teacher Mataji, introduced the two to the King of Nepal. They received a contract to retile the palace roof. They were joined by Hanmantrao Kulkarni of Jabalpur and Ketkar from Gwalior. The King of Nepal was influenced to send Nepalese students to Japan for technical training. Joshi went to Japan and the United States. The German arms manufacturing machinery never arrived. The plot never "even approached fruition".[7]

Later career

After Tilak's death in 1920, Khadilkar worked as the editor of daily Lokamanya (लोकमान्य) during 1921–23. In 1923, he founded daily Nava Kal (नवा काळ), which supported Gandhi.[3][4] In 1929, British authorities imprisoned Khadilkar for a year for the crime of disloyalty to the colonial government.

Khadilkar presided over Marathi Sahitya Sammelan at Nagpur in 1933.

He died on 26 August 1948.

Kichak Vadh

Kichak Vadh (The Assassination of Kichak) (1907) is a play based on an episode in the Mahabharat,[8] Kichak is a minister at the court of Virat who attempts to molest Draupadi, he is assassinated by her husband Bhima as a result. The play was a manifestation of resistance to British rule. This molestation is used as a metaphor for the policies of the British colonial government in India. Kichak represented Lord Curzon: Viceroy to the King, just as Kichak was minister to King Virat; Draupadi represented India and Bhima represented an extremist nationalist, in contrast to Yudhishtar, standing for moderate nationalism. The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature... states that "Kichaka was cast in the mould of the then Viceroy, Lord Curzon, and some of his aggressively arrogant utterances (like, 'the rulers are rulers and the slaves are slaves') found direct echoes in the words of Kichaka, while the popular mood of resentment and revolt was vehemently expressed by the fiery speeches of Draupadi and Bhima"[9] Bhatia considers that the playwright contrasts the aggression and hatred of the government for its colonial subjects with the resistance of those who attempt rescue the nation from colonial evils. Themes of sacrifice, war and duty "sharpened the quest of freedom". The play was an allegorical attack on the colonial government.[10] Nagendra considers the play as a notable example of the use of a mythological character as a symbol of oppression.[11]

Audience reaction to Kichak Vadh

Ignatius Valentine Chirol's 1910 book Indian Unrest describes the play's plot and explains the allegories. According to Chirol, the play provides a response to John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn, who ridiculed the boast of radical nationalists that they could free their country and defend it from invaders. Chirol suggests that any Englishman who saw the play would remember vividly the tense scowling face of the men as they watch the outrages of Kichak and tearful eyes of the ladies as they watch "Draupadi's entreaties", "their scorn for Yudhishthira's tameness, their admiration of Bhima's passionate protests, and the deep hum of satisfaction which approves the slaughter of the tyrant."[12]

Ban

The Press Act in India was requested for sanction by the Government of India, in response to the sudden rise in revolutionary activities in 1909. Morley refused in deference to hostile reactions from the English public and "'Friends of India' members of the Parliament." Kincaid was asked to write on the "seditious climate fostered by the native papers". Kincaid wrote four articles in the Times, amongst them was "A seditious play of the Deccan', a critique of the Marathi play Kichak Vadh by K. P. Khadilkar" as an example of sedition.[13] These articles written on 18 January 1910, not only hastened the passage of the India Press Act of 1910 but also called for Kichak Vadh to be banned. The articles were reproduced by The Times of India and Bombay Gazette on 5 and 7 February 1910 respectively. The play was finally banned.

The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram mentions that "the London Times, in an eloquent outburst against this play, said in effect, Khadilkar is a most dangerous extremist, and Kichak Vadha is a cleverly veiled incitement to murder the European officials."[9]

Plays

The following is the list of Khadilkar's plays:[14]

  1. Savai Madhavrao Yancha Mrutyu (सवाई माधवराव यांचा मृत्यु)(1895–96)[15]
  2. Bhaubandaki (भाऊबंदकी) (1909): Described as his last political play.[16]
  3. Kanchangadachi Mohana (कांचनगडची मोहना)
  4. Manapman (मानापमान) (1911)[2]
  5. Swayamvar (स्वयंवर) (1916)[2]
  6. Keechak-Wadh (कीचकवध) (1906)[5]
  7. Menaka (मेनका)
  8. Widyaharan (विद्याहरण) (1913)[5]
  9. Sawitri (सावित्री)
  10. Draupadi (दौपदी) (1920)[5]
  11. Sawati Matsar (सवतीमत्सर)
  12. Satwa Pariksha (सत्त्वपरीक्षा))
  13. Bayakanche Banda (बायकांचे बंड)[17]
  14. Tridandi Sanyas (त्रिदंडी संन्यास)
  15. Prem

Sarkar considers Khadilkar a versatile genius who created "several types of womanhood in some of his dramas in verse." Vidyaharan (Stealing of learning) "will be found to be more complex in treatment of the relations between the sexes than is Rabindranath Tagore's Chitra. ... Rukmini-swayamvara (The Choosing of her husband by Rukmini) and Draupadi, Marathas can see the female sex in its atmosphere of freedom, individualism." He notes that Kirloskar was "a genuine poet in whose songs the people find the flow of the soul which as a rule is not characteristic of Khadilkar's compositions"[18] According to Padma Anagol, Girijabai Kelkar wrote Purushanche Band to counteract the "effects of vilification of Indian women in Khadilkar's Striyancha Band"[19]

Revised Sangeet Maanapmaan

A revised version of Sangeet Maanapmaan played in Maharashtra in 2011–2012, the centenary year of the play's first performance. It has been revised by Rahul Deshpande. "Originally, the play has five parts with around 52 classical songs. Deshpande's version will have two parts and 22 classical songs."[20]

References
Marathi Wikisource has original text related to this article:
  1. K. M. George; Sahitya Akademi (1 January 1995). Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 449–. ISBN 978-81-7201-783-5. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  2. Amaresh Datta (1 January 2006). The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti). Sahitya Akademi. pp. 1088–. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  3. National Centre for the Performing Arts (India) (1972). Quarterly journal. [Bombay]. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  4. Trimbak Krishna Tope; Maharashtra State Board for Literature & Culture (1986). Bombay and Congress movement. Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  5. Vijaya Ramaswamy (2003). Re-searching Indian women. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-496-0. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  6. Ranbir Vohra (2001). The making of India: a historical survey. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-0-7656-0711-9. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  7. Stanley A. Wolpert (1962). Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India. University of California Press. pp. 326–. GGKEY:49PR049CPBX. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  8. Stanley Hochman; McGraw-Hill, inc (1984). McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of world drama: an international reference work in 5 volumes. VNR AG. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-0-07-079169-5. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  9. Amaresh Datta; Sahitya Akademi (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram. Sahitya Akademi. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  10. Nandi Bhatia (20 May 2004). Acts of authority, acts of resistance: theater and politics in colonial and postcolonial India. University of Michigan Press. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-0-472-11263-0. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  11. Nagendra (1989). Jayashankar Prasad his Mind and Art. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 172–. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  12. Indian Unrest. Forgotten Books. pp. 337–. ISBN 978-1-4400-7748-7. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  13. Mariam Dossal; Ruby Maloni (1 January 1999). State intervention and popular response: western India in the nineteenth century. Popular Prakashan. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-81-7154-855-2. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  14. "Krishnaji Prabhakar alias Kakasaheb Khadilkar" (PDF). bharatnatyamandir.org. Pune: Bharat Natya Sanshodhan Mandir. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  15. Sangeet Natak Akademi (1995). Sangeet natak. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  16. Kenneth Ballhatchet; David D. Taylor; University of London. Centre of South Asian Studies (1984). Changing South Asia. Published for the Centre of South Asian Studies in the School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London, by Asian Research Service. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  17. Ananda Lal (20 September 2004). The Oxford companion to Indian theatre. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-564446-3. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  18. Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1922). "Songs of the Marathas". THE FUTURISM OF YOUNG ASIA AND OTHER ESSAYS ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST. Berlin: Julius Springer. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  19. Anagol, Padma (2005). The emergence of feminism in India, 1850–1920. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 230–. ISBN 978-0-7546-3411-9. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  20. Bengrut, Dheeraj (15 December 2011). "Act 100". indianexpress.com. Mumbai: The Indian Express Limited. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
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