Junction temperature

Various physical properties of semiconductor materials are temperature dependent. These include the diffusion rate of dopant elements, carrier mobilities and the thermal production of charge carriers. At the low end, sensor diode noise can be reduced by cryogenic cooling. On the high end, the resulting increase in local power dissipation can lead to thermal runaway that may cause transient or permanent device failure.

Maximum junction temperature (sometimes abbreviated TJMax) is specified in a part's datasheet and is used when calculating the necessary case-to-ambient thermal resistance for a given power dissipation. This in turn is used to select an appropriate heat sink if applicable. Other cooling methods include thermoelectric cooling and coolants.

In modern processors from manufacturer such as Intel, AMD, Qualcomm, the core temperature is measured by a network of sensors. Every time the temperature sensing network determines that a rise above the specified junction temperature (${\displaystyle T_{J}}$), is imminent, measures such as clock gating, clock stretching, clock speed reduction and others (commonly referred to as thermal throttling) are applied to prevent the temperature to raise further. If the applied mechanisms are not compensating enough for the processor to stay below the junction temperature, the device may shut down to prevent permanent damage.[2]

An estimation of the chip-junction temperature ${\displaystyle T_{J}}$ can be obtained from the following equation:[3]

${\displaystyle T_{J}=T_{A}+(R_{\theta JA}P_{D})}$

where: ${\displaystyle T_{A}}$= ambient temperature for the package [°C]

${\displaystyle R_{\theta JA}}$= junction to ambient thermal resistance [°C / W]

${\displaystyle P_{D}}$= power dissipation in package [W]

Many semiconductors and their surrounding optics are small, making it difficult to measure junction temperature with direct methods such as thermocouples and infrared cameras.

Junction temperature may be measured indirectly using the device's inherent voltage/temperature dependency characteristic. Combined with a Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) technique such as JESD 51-1 and JESD 51-51, this method will produce accurate ${\displaystyle T_{J}}$ measurements. However, this measurement technique is difficult to implement in multi-LED series circuits due to high common mode voltages and the need for fast, high duty cycle current pulses. This difficulty can be overcome by combining high-speed sampling digital multimeters and fast high-compliance pulsed current sources.[4]

Once junction temperature is known, another important parameter, thermal resistance (Rθ), may be calculated using the following equation:

${\displaystyle R_{\theta }={\frac {\Delta T}{V_{f}I_{f}}}}$

• Safe operating area
• P-N Junction
• Metal Semiconductor Junction