Josephson diode

A Josephson diode is an electronic device that superconducts electrical current in one direction and is resistive in the other direction. The device is a Josephson junction exhibiting a superconducting diode effect (SDE). It is an example of a quantum material Josephson junction (QMJJ), where the weak link in the junction is a quantum material. The Josephson diode effect can occur in superconducting devices where time reversal symmetry and inversion symmetry are broken.[1][2]

Josephson diodes can be subdivided into two categories, those requiring an external (magnetic) field and those not requiring an external magnetic field; the so-called “field-free” Josephson diodes. In 2021, the Josephson diode was realised in the absence of applied magnetic field in a non-centrosymmetric material,[3] followed shortly by the first realisation of the zero-field Josephson diode in an inversion-symmetric device.[4]

History
Example schematic of the first field free Josephson diode using NbSe2 and Nb3Br8.[3]

The Josephson diode is named after British physicist Brian David Josephson, who predicted the Josephson effect; and the resistive diode, since it has a similar function. In 2007 a "Josephson diode" was proposed with a design that was similar to conventional p-n junctions in semiconductor, but utilizing hole and electron doped superconductors.[5] This is different from the "Josephson fluxonic diode" that was introduced before the 2000s.[6][7][8][9] It is also different from how the term is currently used, where a Josephson diode is a Josephson junction exhibiting a superconducting diode effect.

In 2020, a superconducting diode effect was shown in an artificial [Nb/V/Ta]n superlattice.[10] A field-free superconducting diode effect was realized in 2021, in a van der Waals heterostructure of NbSe2/Nb3Br8/NbSe2 - a Josephson diode. This heterostructure is a quantum material Josephson junction, in which the weak link (Nb3Br8) is a quantum material that is predicted to be an obstructed atomic insulator / Mott insulator, and is non-centrosymmetric, meaning it distinguishes between electrons with positive and negative momentum.[3][11][12][13] Soon thereafter, a zero-field diode effect was observed in small twist-angle trilayer graphene, a system which possesses in-plane inversion symmetry;[14] in this case, the superconducting state itself is responsible for the breaking of time reversal symmetry and in-plane inversion symmetry.

Superconducting diode effect
Main article: Superconducting diode effect

The superconducting diode effect is an example of nonreciprocal superconductivity, where a material is superconducting in one direction and resistive in the other. This leads to half-wave rectification when a square wave AC-current is applied. In 2020, this effect was demonstrated in an artificial [Nb/V/Ta]n superlattice.[10] The phenomenon in the Josephson diode is believed to originate from asymmetric Josephson tunneling.[3] Unlike conventional semiconducting junction diodes, the superconducting diode effect can be realized in Josephson junctions as well as junction-free bulk superconductors.[15]

Theories

Currently, the precise mechanism behind the Josephson diode effect is not fully understood. However, some theories have emerged that are now under theoretical investigation. There are two types of Josephson diodes, relating to which symmetries are being broken. The inversion breaking Josephson diode, and the Josephson diode breaking inversion breaking and time-reversal. The minimal symmetry breaking requirement for forming the Josephson diode is inversion symmetry breaking, and is required to obtain nonreciprocal transport.[16] One proposed mechanism originates from finite momentum Cooper pairs.[1][2] It may also be possible that the superconducting diode effect in the JD originates from self-field effects, but this still has to be rigorously studied.[17][18]

References
  1. Scammell, Harley D; Li, J I A; Scheurer, Mathias S (1 April 2022). "Theory of zero-field superconducting diode effect in twisted trilayer graphene". 2D Materials. 9 (2): 025027. doi:10.1088/2053-1583/ac5b16.
  2. Davydova, Margarita; Prembabu, Saranesh; Fu, Liang (10 June 2022). "Universal Josephson diode effect". Science Advances. 8 (23). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abo0309.
  3. Wu, Heng; Wang, Yaojia; Xu, Yuanfeng; Sivakumar, Pranava K.; Pasco, Chris; Filippozzi, Ulderico; Parkin, Stuart S. P.; Zeng, Yu-Jia; McQueen, Tyrel; Ali, Mazhar N. (April 2022). "The field-free Josephson diode in a van der Waals heterostructure". Nature. 604 (7907): 653–656. arXiv:2103.15809. Bibcode:2022Natur.604..653W. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04504-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 35478238. S2CID 248414862.
  4. Lin, Jiang-Xiazi; Siriviboon, Phum; Scammell, Harley D.; Liu, Song; Rhodes, Daniel; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Hone, James; Scheurer, Mathias S.; Li, J. I. A. (October 2022). "Zero-field superconducting diode effect in small-twist-angle trilayer graphene". Nature Physics. 18 (10): 1221–1227. doi:10.1038/s41567-022-01700-1.
  5. Hu, Jiangping; Wu, Congjun; Dai, Xi (2007-08-09). "Proposed Design of a Josephson Diode". Physical Review Letters. 99 (6): 067004. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99f7004H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.067004. PMID 17930858.
  6. Raissi, F.; Nordman, J. E. (1994-10-03). "Josephson fluxonic diode". Applied Physics Letters. 65 (14): 1838–1840. Bibcode:1994ApPhL..65.1838R. doi:10.1063/1.112859. ISSN 0003-6951.
  7. Raissi, F.; Nordman, J.E. (June 1995). "Comparison of simulation and experiment for a Josephson fluxonic diode". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 5 (2): 2943–2946. Bibcode:1995ITAS....5.2943R. doi:10.1109/77.403209. ISSN 1558-2515. S2CID 34110010.
  8. Kadin, A. M. (1990-12-01). "Duality and fluxonics in superconducting devices". Journal of Applied Physics. 68 (11): 5741–5749. Bibcode:1990JAP....68.5741K. doi:10.1063/1.346969. ISSN 0021-8979.
  9. Nordman, James E.; Beyer, James B. (1995-06-13). "Superconductive Electronic Devices Using Flux Quanta". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. Ando, Fuyuki; Miyasaka, Yuta; Li, Tian; Ishizuka, Jun; Arakawa, Tomonori; Shiota, Yoichi; Moriyama, Takahiro; Yanase, Youichi; Ono, Teruo (August 2020). "Observation of superconducting diode effect". Nature. 584 (7821): 373–376. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2590-4. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32814888. S2CID 221182970.
  11. Xu, Yuanfeng; Elcoro, Luis; Song, Zhi-Da; Vergniory, M. G.; Felser, Claudia; Parkin, Stuart S. P.; Regnault, Nicolas; Mañes, Juan L.; Bernevig, B. Andrei (2021-06-17). "Filling-Enforced Obstructed Atomic Insulators". arXiv:2106.10276 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci].
  12. Xu, Yuanfeng; Elcoro, Luis; Li, Guowei; Song, Zhi-Da; Regnault, Nicolas; Yang, Qun; Sun, Yan; Parkin, Stuart; Felser, Claudia; Bernevig, B. Andrei (2021-11-03). "Three-Dimensional Real Space Invariants, Obstructed Atomic Insulators and A New Principle for Active Catalytic Sites". arXiv:2111.02433 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci].
  13. Zhang, Yi; Gu, Yuhao; Weng, Hongming; Jiang, Kun; Hu, Jiangping (2023). "Mottness in two-dimensional van der Waals Nb3X8 monolayers (X=Cl,Br,andI)". Physical Review B. 107 (3): 035126. arXiv:2207.01471. Bibcode:2023PhRvB.107c5126Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.107.035126. S2CID 255998779.
  14. Lin, Jiang-Xiazi; Siriviboon, Phum; Scammell, Harley D.; Liu, Song; Rhodes, Daniel; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Hone, James; Scheurer, Mathias S.; Li, J. I. A. (October 2022). "Zero-field superconducting diode effect in small-twist-angle trilayer graphene". Nature Physics. 18 (10): 1221–1227. doi:10.1038/s41567-022-01700-1.
  15. Nadeem, Muhammad; Fuhrer, Michael S.; Wang, Xiaolin (2023-09-15). "The superconducting diode effect". Nature Reviews Physics: 1–20. doi:10.1038/s42254-023-00632-w. ISSN 2522-5820.
  16. Zhang, Yi; Gu, Yuhao; Hu, Jiangping; Jiang, Kun (2022-07-10). "General Theory of Josephson Diodes". Physical Review X. 12 (4): 041013. arXiv:2112.08901. Bibcode:2022PhRvX..12d1013Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.12.041013. S2CID 245218901.
  17. Goldman, A. M.; Kreisman, P. J. (1967-12-10). "Meissner Effect and Vortex Penetration in Josephson Junctions". Physical Review. 164 (2): 544–547. Bibcode:1967PhRv..164..544G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.164.544.
  18. Yamashita, Tsutomu; Onodera, Yutaka (1967-08-01). "Magnetic‐Field Dependence of Josephson Current Influenced by Self‐Field". Journal of Applied Physics. 38 (9): 3523–3525. Bibcode:1967JAP....38.3523Y. doi:10.1063/1.1710164. ISSN 0021-8979.
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