John Brown's Fort

John Brown's Fort was initially built in 1848 for use as a guard and fire engine house by the federal Harpers Ferry Armory, in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia). An 1848 military report described the building as "An engine and guard-house 35 1/2 x 24 feet, one story brick, covered with slate, and having copper gutters and down spouts…"[1]

John Brown's Fort in 2013
Drawing published in 1883. Note the words over the doors and the steep hill behind.

The building achieved fame when it became the anti-slavery advocate John Brown's refuge during his 1859 raid on Harper's Ferry, in which he hoped to launch the overthrow of slavery. It is the only surviving building of the Armory; the others were destroyed during the Civil War.

The building quickly became a tourist attraction; the words John Brown's Fort—a new name—were painted over the three doors to attract tourists. It has been moved four times: in 1891 to the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, in 1895 to the Murphey Farm near Harpers Ferry, in 1909 to the campus of historically black Storer College in Harpers Ferry, and in 1968 by the National Park Service to its present location in lower Harpers Ferry, near its original site. An obelisk stands where it was initially located. The building, obelisk, and Storer campus are all now part of the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park.

In 2016 the building was honored with a U.S. quarter.[2]

John Brown's raid
Main article: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
Harper's Ferry Armory in 1862, with the fire engine house on the left
Illustration of the interior of the engine house immediately before the door is broken down. Note the hostages on the left.

John Brown planned to capture the armory and the associated arsenal and use them to supply an army of abolitionists and run-away slave guerrillas. Beginning their raid the night of October 16, Brown and his small army of 21 men (16 white and 5 black) captured the armory and arsenal and succeeded in taking 60 citizens of Harpers Ferry hostage. The local militia and armed townspeople killed several members of the insurrection. They forced Brown to take up a position in the sturdy fire engine house, where Brown's men had placed several hostages, and prepared to use the building for defense. On the night of October 17, U.S. Marines and then Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee and his aide J.E.B. Stuart, at the instruction of President Buchanan, arrived in Harpers Ferry to put down Brown's insurrection. The next morning, using a ladder as a battering ram, the Marines broke down the door and stormed the fire engine house. One Marine and several of Brown's men were mortally wounded in the attack. Some of Brown's men managed to escape, but most were captured, including Brown, who was stabbed by the Marine commander, Lt. Green. The hostages were freed.

The engine house labeled "John Brown's Fort" to attract tourists, ca. 1885.

After the raid

The engine house was the only part of the Harper's Ferry Armory still standing after the Civil War.[3] There was much combat in and around Harpers Ferry, which changed hands several times during the war.

To attract tourists, who were primarily Black, the words "John Brown's Fort" were painted on the engine house. It "was a tourist destination—almost a shrine—for African Americans in the late nineteenth century."[4] However, by 1882, it had fallen into a state of disrepair; the roof and windows were gone.[5]

John Brown's Fort souvenir brick

Many bricks were taken and/or sold as souvenirs;[6]: 187  Frederick Douglass had one at his home in Washington.[7] In the nineteenth-century, silver engravings of the Fort were attached to souvenir bricks; one is in the Park museum (see picture at right).[6]: Plate 9, after p. 90  Another was painted and given to an unnamed museum.[8]

Some white townspeople, for whom Brown was a madman and traitor rather than a hero, were not happy having the structure in their town, nor the Black tourists it attracted.[6]: 181 

The four moves

Move to Chicago

To move its tracks to a less flood-prone location, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad purchased the Fort and the land beneath it, intending to move or tear down the building. In 1891, the building was sold for $1,000 (equivalent to $32,570 in 2022)[9] to a buyer who wished to use it as an attraction at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1st move), "but the venture proved a failure, simply because there was nothing which could connect the 'Brown Fort' with Chicago."[10] The building was dismantled and abandoned on a vacant lot after the exhibition.[11] Another report says it was used to store delivery wagons.[6]: 182 

In 1894, a movement was spearheaded by Washington D.C. journalist Kate Field, who also helped save the John Brown Farm State Historic Site,[6]: 182  to preserve the building and move it back to Harpers Ferry.[6]: 182–183  It could not be moved back to its original location because the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad had covered it with an embankment in 1894, raising the rail line several feet to reduce the threat from flooding.[11] The original location was marked in 1895 by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad with a white stone obelisk.[12] It stands 150 feet (46 m) from the present-day location of the fort and is also part of Harpers Ferry National Historic Park.[13]

Return to vicinity of Harpers Ferry
John Brown's Fort on the Murphy farm

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad offered free shipping of the disassembled Fort back to Harpers Ferry (2nd move); they had lost ridership when the Fort was moved to Chicago. As a new site, Alexander and Mary Murphy offered 5 acres (20,000 m2) of their farm about 2 miles (3 km) above Harpers Ferry; Storer College offered only 2 acres.[11] Among the contributors to the funds raised for its disassembly and reconstruction were William McKinley, at that time Governor of Ohio, and Roswell P. Flower, Governor of New York.[14] Reconstruction of John Brown's Fort on the Murphy farm was completed by November 1895 and included the gates that surrounded the fort. Eight thousand bricks were required to replace those that had been lost.[15]: 88  While it was in that location, Murphy used it as a "barracks" and "to house a wheat crop".[16]

The Murphy farm, originally established on September 1, 1869, was purchased by the National Park Service through the Trust for Public Land on December 31, 2002; it is now part of the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park.

The move of the Fort back to Harpers Ferry attracted African-American visitors, as the railroad hoped. The first national convention of the National League of Colored Women met in Washington, D.C., and took an excursion to Harpers Ferry to see John Brown's Fort.[15]: 19 

Visitors reached a peak in 1906 when the first American meeting of the Niagara Movement—a predecessor of the NAACP, whose first meeting was held in Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada—was held in Harpers Ferry, at Storer College. Attendees held an on-site memorial for Brown called "John Brown Day" (August 17). Over one hundred prominent African-American men and women walked from Storer to the Fort's location, among them W.E.B. DuBois, Lewis Douglas, and W. T. Greener. The leader of the procession, a physician from Brooklyn named Owen Waller, "took off his shoes and socks and walked barefoot as if he were treading on holy ground".[17] Marching to a Monument for Freedom, painting by Richard Fitzhugh.

Move to Storer College
John Brown's Fort, on the Storer College campus. Behind it is Lincoln Hall.
Poster announcing John Brown's Fort, Storer College, Harpers Ferry WV

As a direct result, the Fort was moved again (the 3rd move), in 1909, from this "somewhat inaccessible" site[18] to Storer College, where it remained until 1969, longer (as of 2021) than it has been at any other location since 1859. The college, which closed in 1955, bought John Brown's Fort from Alexander Murphy for $900—Murphy (~$9,832 in 2022) wanted compensation for the many tourists' damage to his crops—and moved it to the college's campus. It was disassembled. When on the Storer Campus, it was inadvertently reassembled backward, as the builders did not realize that the glass negative they were using as a guide had a reversed image.[15]: 88 

While there, it was used as the college museum. Glass cases of museum quality contained "a collection of old guns, helmets, money and other curiosities".[19] An elevated gallery was added.[20]: 101  The college published Captain John Brown and Harper's Ferry, a pamphlet about Brown and the Fort, written by Brown scholar Boyd Stutler.[21]

Students gave tours of the Fort. "They took great pride in that. That symbol of freedom meant a lot to those students."[22] At the time, these student tours were required of many students, to give them practice in public speaking.[23]

In 1918, Storer alums paid for a plaque attached to the west wall of the firehouse (picture at right).[24] The plaque reads:

Plaque placed by Storer College alumni on John Brown's Fort.

THAT THIS NATION MIGHT HAVE
A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM
THAT SLAVERY SHOULD BE REMOVED
FOREVER FROM AMERICAN SOIL
John Brown
AND HIS 21 MEN GAVE THEIR
LIVES.
TO COMMEMORATE THEIR
HEROISM THIS TABLET IS
PLACED ON THIS BUILDING
WHICH HAS SINCE BEEN
KNOWN AS
John Brown's Fort
BY THE
ALUMNI OF STORER COLLEGE
1918

The National Park Service, through its Historic American Buildings Survey, has made public numerous photographs, plans, and descriptions of the building as it was at Storer College.[18]

When the college closed, the museum collection was auctioned off to pay debts, and borrowed items were returned to their owners.[15]: 89 

The National Park Service acquires and moves the building

When Harpers Ferry National Monument was created, it did not include John Brown's Fort or its original location. The local Black community opposed having it moved away from the College grounds, and the College trustees were "squeamish" about turning it over to the Park Service. The Park Service was accused of using "white paternalism" to oppose Black wishes and detract from the significance of the Raid for African Americans.[15]: 89 

In 1960 the National Park Service acquired the building, which remained the main tourist attraction in Harpers Ferry. In the early 1960s, local concessionaires operated a private gift shop in it.[15]: 89  Many visitors came to visit it at the college, to the point that they made it difficult to carry out the Park Service's plans for the former college. Park Superintendent Joseph Prentice wanted to "drastically eliminate the hordes of visitors and their automobiles from this location".[15]: 89 

Fort being moved back to lower Harpers Ferry, in 1968.

To accomplish this goal, removing "the only important attraction from the Storer College campus",[15]: 89  in 1968, the Park Service moved it once more (the 4th move). The original location is covered by a Baltimore & Ohio Railroad embankment, so it was moved to a location close to the original, the most central location in Harpers Ferry. The Fort is now part of the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park and sits 150 feet (46 m) east of its original location, at 39°19′22.95″N 77°43′46.43″W.[1] It is the most visited tourist attraction in the state of West Virginia.

From the point of view of crowd management, the Fort was placed in Arsenal Square to discourage parking in lower Harpers Ferry. Satellite parking and shuttle buses were set up.

The structure is not fully authentic due to the number of times it has been dismantled, moved, and reassembled. The doors are not original; the building was painted grey at the Armory. (See poster at right.) As stated above, 8,000 bricks replace the original ones taken as souvenirs. It is also not a replica, as portions of the building were "rebuilt backward" because builders were working from a negative and did not realize it needed to be turned over to see the building correctly.[15]: 92  It was described in 2005 as "a bit smaller than its original size".[6]: 187  "The age of the various parts of the building cannot be authenticated", is the comment of the Historic American Buildings Survey.[18]

A Harpers Ferry Historical Association publication states that "the John Brown Museum" now houses the original armory gate. It had been taken by Alexander Murphy, who used it as an outer gate to his coal yard and had tried to sell it in 1927.[25] It was donated in 1991 to the National Park Service by Jim Kuhn, a great-great-grandson of the Murphys.[26] 39°19′24.42″N 77°43′47.59″W

After the National Park Service's move of the building, it acquired the original site and portions of the former Armory grounds through land swaps with CSX, the operator of the former Baltimore and Ohio route as of 2021.[15]: 90  As of 2021, the NPS had no immediate plans to use it.

Controversy over Armory bell
Further information: John Brown Bell

During a U.S. Army occupation of Harpers Ferry, a contingent of soldiers from Marlborough, Massachusetts, removed a bell hanging in the Harpers Ferry arsenal firehouse. Thirty years later, it was taken to Marlborough,[27] where it has remained. Harpers Ferry has attempted to retrieve the bell without success.[28]

In July 2011, Howard Swint, of Charleston, West Virginia, stated that the bell was taken without authorization. In legal terms, according to Swint, it was stolen and still belongs to the federal government. Swint filed a lawsuit in Boston's US District Court, but since the bell's original Federal records proving ownership were apparently lost in a fire, the judge dismissed the case without prejudice.[29] Swint's legal actions generated controversy in the Marlborough area,[30][31][32][33] but the bell has stayed in Massachusetts.[29]

Replica at Discovery Park of America

An approximate replica of the firehouse was built in 2012 at the Discovery Park of America museum park in Union City, Tennessee. There is a marker explaining the link with John Brown's raid.[34][35][36]

See also

Notes

    References
    1. "Harpers Ferry National Historical Park - John Brown's Fort". www.nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
    2. United States Mint (2016). "Harpers Ferry National Historical Park Quarter". America the Beautiful Quarters.
    3. Staff. "John Brown's Fort". National Park Service. Retrieved April 29, 2022. John Brown's Fort, as the structure became known, was the only Armory building to escape destruction during the Civil War.
    4. Brophy, Alfred L. (April 2008). "The Creation of Harpers Ferry". h-Net (h-Civil War). Retrieved December 15, 2018.
    5. "General Notes". New York Times. August 20, 1882. p. 6 – via newspapers.com.
    6. Shackel, Paul A. (2005). "John Brown's Fort. A Contested National Symbol". Terrible Swift Sword. The Legacy of John Brown. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. pp. 179–189. ISBN 0821416308.
    7. Quarles, Benjamin (1974). Allies for Freedom. Blacks and John Brown. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 180. LCCN 73-90372.
    8. "Little locals". Shepherdstown Register (Shepherdstown, West Virginia). January 28, 1897. p. 3 – via newspapers.com.
    9. Luke, Elizabeth (6 Jan 1917). "'John Brown's Fort,' After Many Travels, Finds Resting Place—Old Engine House Bought by Storer College After Death of Miss Kate Field, Who Sought to Make It a National Shrine". Indianapolis News. p. 19.
    10. Tate, Tilden Garnett (January 18, 1898). "The John Brown Raid. His capture, trial, execution and comments". Spirit Of Jefferson (Charles Town, West Virginia). p. 2 – via newspapers.com.
    11. Field, Kate (August 11, 1895). "Home for John Brown's Fort. Kate Field Makes an Appeal for Contributions of Cash. Is Anxious to Establish the Building at Harper's Ferry". Chicago Chronicle (Chicago, Illinois). p. 20 – via newspapers.com.
    12. Zittle, John Henry (1905). A Correct History of the John Brown Invasion at Harper's Ferry, West Va., Oct. 17, 1859, Compiled by the Late Capt. John H. Zittle, of Shepherdstown, W. Va., Who Was an Eye-Witness to Many of the Occurrences, and Edited and Published by his Widow. Hagerstown, Maryland: Mail Publishing Company. p. 256.
    13. "John Brown Monument". Appalachian Studies Association et al. May 22, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
    14. Field, Kate (11 Aug 1895). "Kate Field's Appeal — Let John Brown's Fort Go Back to Virginia. — Free Site Provided — Also Free Transportation to Harper's Ferry. — Only $500 Additional Needed to Send Home the Famous Old Landmark". The Inter Ocean (Chicago, Illinois). p. 7 – via newspapers.com.
    15. Moyer, Teresa S.; Shackel, Paul A. (2008). The Making of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park: A Devil, Two Rivers, and a Dream. Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0759110656.
    16. "Notes from nearby". Shepherdstown Register (Shepherdstown, West Virginia). August 20, 1903. p. 2 – via newspapers.com.
    17. Quarles, Benjamin (2001). Allies for Freedom & Blacks on John Brown. Da Capo Press. pp. 4–14, at p, 4.
    18. Kissling, Herbert H. (1958), Photographs. Written Historical and Descriptive Data (PDF), Historic American Buildings Survey HABS WV-21-5, National Park Service
    19. "Sto[r]er College Faces Crisis". Evening Sun (Baltimore, Maryland). April 13, 1955. p. 38 – via newspapers.com.
    20. Burke, Dawne Raines (2015). An American Phoenix: A History of Storer College from Slavery to Desegregation, 1865–1955. Morgantown, West Virginia: Storer College Books, an imprint of West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1940425771.
    21. Stutler, Boyd (1930). Captain John Brown and Harper's Ferry : the story of the raid and the old fire engine house known as John Brown's fort (2nd ed.). Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Storer College.
    22. Schelle, Crystal (February 5, 2017). "Storer College: A statement of equality". The Herald-Mail (Hagerstown, Maryland).
    23. "John Brown's Fort". National Park Service. 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
    24. Hamilton, Calvin J. "John Brown's Fort". scienceviews.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
    25. "Harper's Ferry Elder To Sell Arsenal Gates. They Were Placed by Washington and Figured in John Brown's Raid in 1859". New York Times. November 11, 1927. p. 12.
    26. Harpers Ferry Historical Association (Fall 2009). "Gratitude for Donations from the Kuhns Family" (PDF). The View: 8. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
    27. "Finds Clock Sold by John Brown's Father - Abolitionist's Granddaughter Views Time Piece in California". Lake Placid News (Lake Placid, New York). July 19, 1940. p. 7 – via NYS Historic Newspapers.
    28. Joan Abshire (March 12, 2008). "The John Brown Bell" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
    29. Thompson, Elaine (June 27, 2020). "Mayor: Civil War-era symbol to stay put". Milford Daily News. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
    30. Kendall Hatch (July 20, 2011). "Battle resumes over Marlborough's John Brown bell".
    31. Paul Brodeur (July 24, 2011). "Battle of the John Brown bell".
    32. Metrowest Daily News (July 25, 2011). "Editorial: Give back the bell".
    33. Paul Brodeur (July 29, 2011). "Legal reality behind Brown's Bell". Archived from the original on December 14, 2013.
    34. "Fire Station House at Discovery Park Of America". Dreamstime. 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
    35. Caudle, Glenda (March 29, 2013). "DPA firehouse based on historical building" (PDF). Union City Daily Messenger. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
    36. Hughes, Sandra (2017). "The Firehouse". Historical Markers Database.

    Further reading
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