James S. Hyde

James S. Hyde (May 20, 1932 - August 13, 2022) was an American biophysicist. He held the James S. Hyde chair in Biophysics at the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) where he specialized in magnetic resonance instrumentation and methodology development in two distinct areas: electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). He is senior author of the widely cited 1995 paper by B.B. Biswal et al. reporting the discovery of resting state functional connectivity (fcMRI) in the human brain.[1] He also served as Director of the National Biomedical EPR Center, a Research Resource supported by the National Institutes of Health. He was author of more than 400 peer-reviewed papers and review articles and held 35 U.S. Patents. He was recognized by Festschrifts in both EPR [2] and fcMRI.[3]

Education and career

Dr. Hyde was born in 1932 in Mitchell, South Dakota. He received his BS degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in physics in 1954. He continued his studies at MIT and received his PhD degree in solid-state physics in the laboratory of Professor Arthur R. von Hippel in 1959. He was employed that year by the Analytical Instrument Division of Varian Associates in Palo Alto, California. In this capacity, he has been credited with leading the evolution of EPR spectroscopy from applications in physics to applications in chemistry and biology. His colleagues at Varian were well known in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR): M.E. Packard, Richard R. Ernst, W. A. Anderson, R. Freeman, which may have influenced his later research in MRI. In 1975 he was recruited by H. M. Swartz to join the faculty of the Medical College of Wisconsin. The partnership of Hyde and Swartz led to successful NIH funding of a Research Resource in EPR. Dr. Hyde later became involved in early TR&D research in the field of MRI through long-standing interactions between MCW and General Electric Medical Systems based in Milwaukee, WI. Dr. Hyde has mentored a number of PhD students who have successful academic careers in both MRI and EPR.

Research in EPR

While at Varian, Dr. Hyde and his colleagues extended the technique of electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), which had been introduced by G. Feher [4] for the study of donors in silicon, to the liquid phase,[5] to unordered solids,[6] to flavoproteins[7] and to copper proteins.[8] He introduced the technique of electron-electron double resonance (ELDOR) for the study of spectral connectivity in fluids.[9] He discovered a way to measure very slow rotational diffusion of proteins,[10] and also introduced the EPR pulse technique known as saturation recovery for the measurement of electron spin lattice relaxation times of free radicals and spin labels in the fluid phase.

At MCW, a key advance was a novel sample-containing structure which became known as the loop-gap resonator (LGR).[11] It was an enabling structure for the extension of EPR spectroscopy to a range of microwave frequencies from 500 MHz to 140 GHz. In addition, the technique of saturation recovery was further developed across most of this range of microwave frequencies, which led to an extensive body of work on transport and cellular consumption of oxygen.[12] Pulse experiments on oxygen transport at 90 GHz are particularly notable because of the small sample volume, about 20 nL.

Research in MRI, fMRI and fcMRI

In MRI, Dr. Hyde recognized that the LGR technology of EPR could be extended to radio frequency (RF) surface coils for improved diagnostic radiology. The principle was established that the best images were obtained by designing special RF coils with dimensions that corresponded to the anatomy that was of interest.[13] He also introduced to MRI the first report on parallel acquisition of MRI data from multiple non-interacting surface coils.[14] Gradient coils are required in order to make an image, and it was natural to consider use of a local gradient coil that was tailored to the anatomy of interest. A local RF coil inside of a local gradient coil was developed for the human wrist. The configuration was then extended to the human head, which led to one of the first papers on human functional MRI (fMRI).[15] This paper was followed by several early fMRI neuroscience papers from MCW.[16][17] Strong neuroscience at MCW based on reference Bandettini et al. [15] led to the funding of a Program Project at MCW by the National Institute of Mental Health. Dr. Hyde served for 10 years as Program Director. The same equipment also was used in the discovery of MRI resting state human functional connectivity (fcMRI),[1] a very heavily cited paper that led to the founding of a new journal: Brain Connectivity, and the funding of the Human Connectome Project. In current work, the basic coil design is being used by Dr. Hyde for fMRI and fcMRI studies of connectivity in rat brain at a field strength of 9.4 Tesla and a resolution of 200 microns in each dimension.

Awards and recognition
  • Fellow of the American Physical Society, 1975
  • Co-Chairman, XIII International Conference on Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, 1988
  • Doctoris Honoris Causa, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland, 1989
  • MERIT Award, National institute of General Medical Sciences, 1989
  • Bruker Prize of the Royal Society of Chemistry, United Kingdom, 1989
  • Gold Medal Award, International EPR Society, 1993
  • Zavoisky Award, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 1995
  • Fellow of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1996
  • Gold Medal Award, International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1999
  • 2002 Fellow of the International EPR Society
  • Distinguished Service Awards, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2008
  • Fellow, ISMAR (International Society of Magnetic Resonance), 2008
  • MIT Club of Wisconsin Technology Achievement Award, 2009
  • Chair awarded: The James S. Hyde Professor of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2009
  • T. Michael Bolger Award, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2012

Personal Interests

Dr. Hyde and his wife Karen are significant contributors to the building of Wisconsin art's reputation and were instrumental in the development of a new building for the Museum of Wisconsin Art, based in West Bend, Wisconsin.http://www.wisconsinart.org/ An award based in their honor was established in 2015 to recognize their contributions in this area. http://www.wisconsinart.org/exhibitions/gifts-of-the-hydes.aspx

References
  1. Biswal, B. B., Yetkin, F. Z., Haughton, V. M., Hyde, J. S.: Functional Connectivity in the Motor Cortex of Resting Human Brain Using Echo-Planar MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 34:537-541, 1995
  2. Biomedical EPR-Part A and Part B: Free Radicals, Metals, Medicine, and Physiology, (2005). Eaton, S. S, Eaton, G. R, Berliner, L. J., (Eds.): Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
  3. Brain Connectivity, Pawela, C. P., Biswal, B. B., (Eds.). Vol. 4, issues 7 and 9, 2014: Festschrift for James S. Hyde, PhD, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, Publishers, New York
  4. Feher, G., Observation of Nuclear Magnetic Resonances via the Electron Spin Resonance Line. Phys. Rev., 103:834-835, 1956
  5. Hyde, J. S., ENDOR of a free radical in solution. J. Chem. Phys., 43:1806-1818, 1965
  6. Rist, G. H., and Hyde, J. S.: Ligand ENDOR of Metal Complexes in Powders. J. Chem. Phys. 52:4633-4643m 1970
  7. Ehrenberg, A., Eriksson, L. E. G., Hyde, J. S., Electron-nuclear double resonance from Flavin free radicals in NADPH dehydrogenase (“old yellow enzyme”). Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 167:482-484, 1968.
  8. Rist, G. H., Hyde, J. S., Vänngård, T., Electron-nuclear double resonance of a protein that contains copper: Evidence for nitrogen coordination to CU(II) in stellacyanin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 67:79-86, 1970
  9. Hyde, J. S., Chien, J. C. W., Freed, J. H., Electron-electron double resonance of free radicals in solution. J. Chem. Phys., 48:4211-4226, 1968
  10. Hyde, J. S., Dalton, L., Very slowly tumbling spin labels: Adiabatic rapid passage. Chem. Phys. Lett. 16:568-572, 1972
  11. Froncisz, W., and Hyde, J. S.: The Loop-Gap Resonator: A New Microwave Lumped Circuit ESR Sample Structure. J. Magn. Reson. 47:515-521, 1982
  12. Froncisz, W., Lai, C.-S., and Hyde, J. S., Spin-Label Oximetry: Kinetic Study of Cell Respiration Using a Rapid-Passage T1-Sensitive Electron Spin Resonance Display. Proc. Natl. Acad., Sci. USA. 82:411-415, 1985
  13. Hyde, J.S.: Surface and Other Local Coils for In Vivo NMR Studies. In Grant, D. M., and Harris, R. K., (Eds), Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, pp. 4656-4664. New York, NY, John Wiley, 1996
  14. Hyde, J. S., Jesmanowicz, A., Froncisz, W., Kneeland, J. B., Grist, T. M., and Campagna, N. F.: Parallel Image Acquisition from Noninteracting Local Coils. J. Magn. Reson. 70:512-517, 1986
  15. Bandettini, P. A., Wong, E. C., Hinks, R. S., Tikofsky, R. S., and Hyde, J. S.: Time Course EPI of Human Brain Function During Task Activation. Magnetic Resonance of Medicine. 25:390-397, 1992
  16. Rao, S. M., Binder, J. R., Bandettini, P. A., Hammeke, T. A., Yetkin, F. Z., Jesmanowicz, A., Lisk, L. M., Morris, G. L., Mueller, W. M., Estkowski, L. D., Wong, E. C., Haughton, V. M., and Hyde, J. S.: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Complex Human Movements. Neurology. 43:2311-2318, 1993
  17. Binder, J. R., Rao, S. M., Hammeke, T. A., Yetkin, F. Z., Jesmanowicz, A., Bandettini, P. A., Wong, E. C., Estkowski, L. D., Goldstein, M. D., Haughton, V. M., and Hyde, J. S.: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Auditory Cortex. Ann. Neurol. 35:662-672, 1994
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