Jallianwala Bagh

The 7-acre (28,000 m²) site is located in the vicinity of the Golden Temple complex.[1]

Jallianwala Bagh or the garden of the Jallah-man, with its well, implies that it was once green and flowering.[1] Over the years it had become popular as a recreation ground and an area of rest for those visiting the nearby Golden temple.[1] In 1919, it was a dried-out plot, surrounded by tightly packed multi-occupancy buildings dividend by some narrow streets, and having only one entrance and exit route.[2] It was unoccupied and surrounded by a wall.[2] The place derives its name from the Jallianwalia family.[3]

Jallianwala Bagh ( dried out plot ) in 1919

In 1919, in response to excluding Mahatma Gandhi from visiting Punjab, the secret deportation of Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal on 10 April and the reactions to the Rowlatt Act, Punjab had witnessed attempts of Indians to gather and protest.[1] On the morning of Baisakhi, 13 April 1919, to the sound of military drums by the cities town criers, 19 locations around the city were read out Brigadier General R.E.H. Dyer's new rules.[1] He had placed restrictions on leaving the city without a permit, banned all "processions of any kind"[1] and any congregation of more than four people, and announced around the city that "any person found in the streets after 8 pm will be shot".[1] The announcements came at a time of noise and unusual heat, and missed key locations around the city, so that they were not widely disseminated.[1] Dyer was subsequently informed at 12.40 pm that day that a political gathering was to be held at Jallianwala Bagh.[1] By the time Dyer arrived with 90 Sikh, Gurkha, Baloch, Rajput troops from 2-9th Gurkhas, the 54th Sikhs and the 59th Sind Rifles, there was a crowd of 20,000; a mix of speakers, listeners, picnic-makers, men, women and children of all ages, including Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims and Christians.[1][4] Dyer then ordered his troops to fire at the crowds.[5] Approximately 1,650 rounds were fired and the number, killing and injuring many; the numbers are disputed.[1]

During the troubles of 1947 several surrounding buildings had been destroyed.[6] In 1951, the government of India established the site as a 'memorial of national importance'.[7]

The site was renovated between 2019 and 2021.[8] The central government had earmarked ₹20 crore (US$2.5 million) in 2019 for the commemoration of the centenary of the massacre.[8] In 1920 a Trust was formed with the aim of creating a memorial at the massacre site.[9] The memorial was closed to the public in February 2019 for the renovation work, and reopened in August 2021.[8] The renovation was criticized by various historians, political leaders and some of the kin of the martyrs; many said that the renovations were improper and had erased the tragedy of the massacre.[10][11][12]

Flame titled Amar Jyoti (Eternal Flame)

The entrance to Jallianwala Bagh is via a narrow passage, the same passage that was the only entry and exit point at the time of the massacre and the same route that General Dyer and his troops took to reach the grounds.[13] At the entrance is a statue of Udham Singh. Once entered, some old trees can be seen in the garden with some buildings at the back. With the words 'Vande Mataram', a flame titled Amar Jyoti (Eternal Flame) is seen burning to the right under a domed meditation area.[14]

The portico pillars, just inside the garden, represent Dyer's soldiers.[13]

Martyr's memorial

The 'Martyrs Well' is surrounded by the Martyr's memorial, a large structure with a sign giving a figure of "120" as the number of bodies that were recovered from the well.[13][14] It was designed by American architect Benjamin Polk and inaugurated in 1961.[9][15]

A number of the bullet holes in the walls are preserved.[16][17] One of the walls with bullet holes has a plaque reading:

The wall has its own historic significance as it has thirty-six bullet marks which can be easily seen at present and these were fired into the crowd by the order of General Dyer. Moreover, no warning was given to disperse before Dyer opened fire which was gathered here against the Rowlatt Act. One Thousand Six Hundred and Fifty Rounds were fired[14]

Other plaques are seen inside the garden, one of which reads:

This site is saturated with the blood of thousands of Indian patriots who were martyred in a nonviolent struggle to free India from British domination. General Dyer of the British army opened fire here on unarmed people. Jallianwala Bagh is thus an everlasting symbol of non-violent & peaceful struggle for the freedom of India[13]

The Flame of Liberty is represented by a central pylon.[13] It is white and shaped like a flame. Engraved are faces of 'martyrs' and below are given their names.[14]

One of the seven urns containing the ashes of Udham Singh are kept in the museum

The Martyr's gallery contains a number of paintings including some of political leaders[14] and a painting of the inside of Jallianwala Bagh, showing a number of people dead on the ground. The addition to the painting of the Gurkha's was painted in at a later date.[13] The names of those killed are not included.[13] A portrait of Udham Singh is on display in the gallery.[14] One of the seven urns containing his ashes are kept in the museum.[14][18]

Using newspaper clippings and letters from Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore and others, 45 panels depicting the Amritsar massacre are displayed.[19]