Jakšto Street

54.68893600015811°N 25.275581074211118°E / 54.68893600015811; 25.275581074211118

Prozorov Building

Jakšto Street (Lithuanian: Jakšto gatvė) is a short street in the central part of Vilnius, named after a Catholic philosopher Adomas Jakštas. It is some 350 metres long and leads from the principal Gediminas Avenue towards the Neris river, sloping by some 7 metres towards the north. The street is flanked by buildings built between the 1890s and the 2000s. Throughout its history and according to political preferences of Vilnius authorities, it was named Старый Переулок (Old Backyard), Улица Херсонская (Kherson Street), Krähenstraße (Crow Street), ulica Dąbrowskiego (Dąbrowski Street), Dambrausko-Jakšto gatvė (Dambrauskas-Jakštas Street), Komunarų gatvė (Communards Street) and Jakšto gatvė (Jakštas Street).

Two houses which merit attention are the historicist building designed by Mikhail Prozorov in the 1890s and the functionalist building by Jerzy Sołtan, constructed in the 1930s. The street featured prominently in the history of Vilnius on January 1, 1919, when it became a battleground between the local workers' soviet and the local Polish militia. Over time the street hosted some locally important institutions: the Russian high school Гимназiя Ппозоробой (early 20th century), the radical left-wing Vilnius Soviet of Workers Deputies (1918-1919), the Lithuanian high school Vytauto Didžiojo Gimnazija (1931-1944), and the key Russian-language LSSR daily Советская Литва (1949-1987). However, for city dwellers of some 5 generations the street has been rather associated with performance hall, hosting various types of shows; it was named "Apollo" (Russian rule), "Słońce" (Polish rule), "Pionierius" (Soviet rule) and "Vaidilos" (Lithuanian rule).

Лукишки / Łukiszki / Lukiškės
future Jakšto Street, 18th c.
future Jakšto Street, 18th c.

Until the late 19th century the Vilnius layout was oriented along the north–south axis; the city backbone was formed by a sequence of streets (officially named Замковая, Большая, Островоротная) running from the cathedral to the О́страя бра́ма gate. Living memory of the city walls, demolished in the early 19th century, marked the inner-city; it was surrounded by mostly wooden suburbs. On the north-west the city was bordered by some 10-hectare rural area named Лукишки (pol. Łukiszki, lit. Lukiškės), which hosted few isolated hamlets.[1] Earlier drawings show in the area now occupied by the Jakšto street the presence of mounds, named Gura Czartowa (Devil's Hill) and Gura Gliniana (Clay Hill),[2] but there is no trace of them on later maps. In the mid-19th century the landmark of the neighbourhood was a large religious compound, which consisted of the church of St. Jacob and St. Philip, the Dominican monastery and the hospital for the poor, managed by the order.[3] It stood among fields, meadows and some low wooden houses, crossed by few country roads. A map from the 1840s shows what is now the Jakšto Street as one of these nameless roads,[4] leading among fields and orchards towards few buildings, located on the bank of the Neris river.[5]

Development plans
future Jakšto street, 1860s
future Jakšto street, 1860s

The rural area north-west of Vilnius started to undergo major change in the second half of the 19th century. A country road leading from the city westwards already in the 1830s was marked as a future major communications route, though for decades it spelled no practical change. In the 1860s it was named Георгиевский проспект (St. George Avenue), in the years to come to become a major city alley. A field next to prison was marked as the key Vilnius marketplace; some 15 minute walk from the cathedral, it soon became busy with hundreds of farmers selling straight from their horsecarts and city dwellers walking from the old town to make purchases. A new municipal development plan, adopted in 1875, set the area as the focus of further expansion.[6] In the 1880s first large, multi-storey residential buildings started to appear along the St. George Avenue, first close to the cathedral, and then gradually further west. However, photos from 1866 to 1886 show the neighbourhood of St. Jacob and Philip church, including the later Jakšto Street area, as cultivated fields crossed by some country roads; here and there they were dotted with trees or what looks like single manors, stables, and warehouses.[7]

Старый Переулок
Mikhail Prozorov
Mikhail Prozorov

In the 1890s rural perpendicular roads, running between the St. George Avenue and the Neris river, gradually began to lose their rural character. A map from the 1890s for the first time assigned a name to what later became the Jakšto Street; it is marked as Старый Переулок (Old Backstreet).[8] However, a map issued in Polish named it Zaułek Nadbrzeżny (Riverbank Backstreet). The western side of the street was marked in green (rural), the eastern one in red (urban), even though it hosted merely few shabby wooden constructions.[9] In the late 1890s the place attracted attention of Mikhail Prozorov, official architect of the Vilnius Orthodox eparchy and already the author of a few monumental buildings in the city. In 1896 his wife Sofia purchased two neighbouring plots.[10] Prozorov designed a group of 3 adjacent 2-floor buildings, to be located there; the first one was completed in 1897–1898. The other two were constructed shortly afterwards, the entire complex based on an H-like layout.[11] Though Prozorov later became an expert in reinforced concrete, the buildings were erected in traditional technology, with bricks. Designed in eclectic historicist style, they became one of the largest and most prestigious new sites in Vilnius of the time.[12]

Улица Херсонская
Prozorova gymnasium
Prozorova gymnasium

In unclear circumstances some time at the turn of the centuries the street was renamed; on the Russian map from 1904 it no longer appears as Старый Переулок, but is marked as Улица Херсонская (Kherson Street).[13] Also on the Polish-language map from 1907 the lane is marked similarly, as Ulica Chersońska.[14] At the time the quarter was half-urban; a photo from 1903 shows elegant long-facade multi-storey residential buildings facing what appears to be fields or meadows. However, during the following decade the street became a typical urban lane. Large, 2-floor or 3-floor tenements flanked long sections of the street, while cobble stone surface, pavements and gas lights completed the picture.[15] The street became sort of a cultural landmark. The building at the corner of Херсонская and Георгиевский became home to a high school for girls, called Гимназiя Прозоровой (Prozorova Gymnasium).[16] The central hall in the Prozorov building (in 1912 sold to a certain Bogdan Ratyński) initially hosted an exposition pavilion, but later formed part of the "Apollo" hall,[17] used for theatrical performances, variétés and as a cinema.[18] The complex hosted also head office of Полесская железная дорога, a local railway company, apart from a club and canteen of the railwaymen trade union. Numerous shops were located at ground floor.[19]

Krähenstraße
Crow Nest
Crow Nest

In September 1915 Vilnius was seized by the German army. Many Russian institutions ceased to operate, including the Prozorova Gymnasium. Instead, Polish institutions mushroomed. One of them was a high school for girls, set up by Anna Czarnowska; it took over the former Prozorova's premises, later replaced by the Nazaretan order high school.[20] Though initially the street retained the name of Khersonstraße,[21] in 1916 it was renamed to Krähenstraße (Crow Street);[22] the name appeared also in Lithuanian (Varnių)[23] and Polish (Wronia).[24] In 1918, following growing social unrest and gradual decomposition of German rule, the Prozorov building became a hub of workers’ organisations. The place was headquarters of the Vilnius Soviet of Workers Deputies, a far-left body which claimed authority over Vilnius; few meters away resided the competitive Polish body, Komitet Polski.[25] The Germans tolerated the soviet, but once their troops started to abandon the city during very last days of 1918, local Polish militia closed in.[26] Ironically dubbed “Crow Nest” by the Poles, the building was subject to intense half-a-day shootout and on January 1, 1919, it was seized by the militia.[27] However, 4 days later Vilnius fell to advancing Bolshevik army.[28]

Ulica Dąbrowskiego
Jerzy Dąbrowski
Jerzy Dąbrowski

Following turbulent years of 1919–1921, in 1922 Vilnius was incorporated into Poland. In memory of Jerzy Dąbrowski, commander of the January 1919 assault, the street was named after him.[29] Its both ends remained partially underdeveloped. The south-western corner was owned by the curia[30] and got rented to various tenants; periodically it hosted a cycling parkour,[31] a café "Leonarda" and even vegetable plots.[32] The south-eastern one hosted a low building and a makeshift annex, home to a legendary "Zacisze" restaurant.[33] The Prozorov building hosted a music hall,[34] a revue[35] and a cinema.[36] The school premises, briefly occupied by the Lelewel Gymnasium,[37] at the turn of the decades were purchased by Konstantinas Stašys.[38] Since 1931 they hosted Vytauto Didžiojo Gimnazija, the only Lithuanian high school in the city, which became an important spot for this tiny Vilnius minority.[39] In 1936 a military plane crashed into the Prozorov building; both pilots perished.[40] In 1938 shabby houses at the corner with Mickiewicza were demolished to make room for headquarters of Social Insurance; a large functionalist building[41] accommodated medical premises, offices, conference hall and emergency ward. A neighbouring villa hosted apartments for management and a garage for ambulances.[42] Another modernist villa was built near the northern end.[43] The street assumed a somewhat prestigious status;[44] it also kept accommodating educational institutions.[45]

Dambrausko-Jakšto gatvė
Adomas Jakštas

In September 1939 the Prozorov building served as centre of a paramilitary organisation Przysposobienie Wojskowe;[46] there was some fighting in the neighbourhood when Red Army tanks approached the Green Bridge.[47] Once the USSR handed over the city to Lithuania the new authorities renamed 490 streets.[48] Dąbrowskiego became Dambrausko-Jakšto gatvė (Dambrauskas-Jakštas Street);[49] the name honoured a 1938-deceased Catholic philosopher and scientist[50] and took advantage of the coincidence of surnames.[51] On the Polish national day of November 11 riots broke out in the city; the rebellious youth stormed the Social Insurance building before they were evicted by the Lithuanian police.[52] During the German occupation[53] numerous Polish conspiracy premises were located on the street,[54] e.g. when returning from the Katyn massacre site in May 1943 the Polish envoy Józef Mackiewicz reported to underground officials in a flat in one of the tenements there.[55] On February 12, 1944, unusual Polish-German talks were held in the villa in the backyard of the Insurance building; the commander of Abwehrstelle Wilna col. Julius Christiansen tried to convince the commander of the Home Army Okręg Wileński district, col. Aleksander Krzyżanowski, that Polish Home Army units should co-operate with Wehrmacht to fight the Soviet guerilla.[56] In June 1944 the Insurance building served as detention centre for suspicious individuals.[57]

Komunarų gatvė
Angarietis monument

Following re-incorporation of Lithuania into the USSR, in 1949 the authorities changed the street name: instead of a Catholic priest, as Komunarų gatvė (Communards Street) it now honoured the revolutionaries who lost their lives on January 1, 1919.[58] In 1953-1959 there were large, 3-floor buildings built on both sides of the northern end of the street;[59] a slightly more monumental office building was constructed opposite the former Social Insurance building, on the southern end. In 1973 an underdeveloped plot opposite the Prozorov building was turned into a square; it was dotted with an obelisk-line monument to Zigmas Angarietis.[60] In 1977 the street gave name to a theatrical play, which presented an apologetic reconstruction of the January 1919 defence.[61] At the time the street again acquired sort of prestigious status, as it hosted numerous central offices of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic: Ministry of Construction,[62] Ministry of Furniture and Wood Processing,[63] Ministry of Food Industry[64] and Foreign Tourism Administration Office.[65] The former Social Insurance building kept serving as medical centre. The Prozorov building was partially turned into the House of Culture; it accommodated a number of institutions, including periodically also a cinema.[66] In 1949-1987 it hosted premises of the daily Советская Литва.[67]

Jakšto gatvė
SIS HQ
SIS HQ

In reborn Lithuania most streets bearing Soviet-flavoured names were renamed; Komunarų gatvė returned almost exactly to its previous name and became Jakšto gatvė. The Angarietis monument was also dismantled and removed. In the mid-1990s a large new building was constructed on site of derelict tenement;[68] in the early 21st century the square which hosted the Angeretis monument was taken over by a luxurious apartment residence, with an abstract sculpture named "Ryšys" (Link) by Marijonas Šlektavičius situated at the front.[69] Commemorative plaques honouring Lithuanian personalities (Juozas Rudzinskas, Konstantinas Stašys, Antanas Vienuolis-Žukauskas)[70] were mounted on various facades. The street retained its somewhat prestigious character: it hosts Ministry of Environment,[71] Customs Department of the Ministry of Finance, and Special Investigation Service.[72] Most buildings changed owners and underwent refurbishment; in 2023 office space was rented between 10 and €30 /m2 per month,[73] while catering premises went for sale at some €4,000 /m2.[74] Among hundreds of companies registered at Jakšto there are numerous law firms, trading companies and finance institutions. The Prozorov building is home to Vaidilos Teatras, which serves mostly as luxurious space for corporate events, weddings etc., though at times it accommodates also theatrical performances.[75] The compound is to host a lavish hotel in the future.[76]

Current street line-up
Ubezpieczenia Społeczne building[77]

The postal code to all Jakšto Street buildings is 01105. The below table shows the buildings lined up. For convenience, the table is structured to correspond to the standard, north-oriented view of a map. Construction years are indicated in brackets. Note that there is no building numbered Jakšto Street 10. The building numbered Jakšto Street 16 stands in the backyard between the villa #14 and the residential block numbered Goštauto gatvė 3.

western side eastern side
[# as Goštauto gatvė 3]: residential block (1954-1956) # 13: residential block (1956-1958)
#14: residential villa (1937-1938)
#12: office building (1993-1994) # 11: tenement (1912-1913)
#8: tenement (1908-1911)
#6: tenement (1908-1910) # 5, 7, 9: complex of adjacent Prozorov buildings (1897-1902)
#6A: apartment building (2003-2004)
#4: office building (1958-1959)
#2: villa for Ubezpieczenia Społeczne management (1937-1938) # 1, 3: office and residential building (1958-1959)
[# as Gedimino prospektas 27]: Ubezpieczenia Społeczne (1937-1938)

Scenes from street history
scenes from the Jakšto Street
1865, Jakšto Street will be here 1913, Prozorova Gymnasium 1928, marketplace nearby 1932, Šikšnys at Vytautas Gymnasium
1936, aviation disaster 1937, Bukowski designing #14 villa 1951, Communist youth congress 1952, last moments of "Zacisze"

See also

Footnotes
  1. named Łukiszki Tatarskie, Łukiszki Radziwiłłowskie (Jezuickie), Łukiszki Gościkowskie, see a map from the 18th century, available here
  2. see e.g. a map, available here
  3. Andrzej Pukszto, Między stołecznością a partykularyzmem: wielonarodowościowe społeczeństwo Wilna w latach 1915-1920, Toruń 2006, ISBN 9788388089589, p. 65
  4. a map from 1866 barely even shows the place as a road; it seems to be a path, leading among fields and trees, see here
  5. see a map from the 1840s, available here, from the 1850s, available here, or from the 1870s, available here
  6. Małgorzata Dolistowska, ‘Miłe miasto’ między tradycją a awangardą. Architektura Wilna w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym – zarys problematyki, [in:] Wojciech Walczak, Karol Łopatecki (eds.), Stan badań nad wielokulturowym dziedzictwem dawnej Rzeczpospolitej, vol. VIII, Białystok 2017, p. 89
  7. see photos from the 1860s, e.g. here or slightly later here
  8. see a map from the 1890s, available here
  9. see a map from the 1890s, available here
  10. Viktorija Karsokaitė, Istorinis pastatas sostinės A.Jakšto gatvėje sulauks pokyčių: planuojamas viešbutis, [in:] 15min service, 25.04.2020
  11. Prozorov designed the building and lived there, in an apartment of 14 rooms. The rest was rented as other apartments, shops and a railwaymen club, Apie mus. Pastato istorija, [in:] Vaidilos Teatras website
  12. Karsokaitė 2020
  13. see a map from 1904, available here
  14. see a map from 1907, available here
  15. Karsokaitė 2020
  16. it was the second largest high school for girls, with 611 students registered in 1912, Stefania Walasek, Edukacja w społeczeństwie wielokulturowym na przykłazie zaboru rosyjskiego na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, [in:] Prace Naukowe. Pedagogika 12 (2003), p. 55. A number of fairly well-known women completed the curriculum there, e.g. Eugenia Kobylińska-Maślińska (poet, writer), Wanda Niedziałkowska-Dobaczewska (writer), Janina Fieldorf (wife to Emil Fieldorf, herself also an activist)
  17. Waldemar Wołkanowski, Restauracje międzywojennego Wilna. Ludzie, miejsca, historie (1), [in:] serwis Wilnoteka 18.02.2022
  18. the exposition pavilion was moved from the Bernardine Garden, later dismantled and the hall times used as a scene for various types of performances, Walles, Достопримечательности и посещаемые места thread [in:] О Вильнюсе service 22.02.2008
  19. Karsokaitė 2020
  20. according to others it was rather a high school for girls, set up by Stowarzyszenie Nauczycielstwa Polskiego in 1915, which resided in the former Prozorova’s Gymnasium in 1918/1919, Joanna Falkowska, Stefania Walasek, Szkoły Stowarzyszenia Nauczycielstwa Polskiego w Wilnie (1896-1921), [in:] BHW 41 (2019), p. 40
  21. see a German 1915 map, available here
  22. see a German 1916 map, available here. None of the sources consulted clarifies why the street was named after crows, and whether it was a German invention or accommodation of some informally-used name
  23. "Buvo taip pat apsuptas darbininkų klubas prie Varnių gatvės 5", Mykolas Biržiška, Dėl mūsų sostinės, London 1960, p. 55
  24. "Na grupę agentów natknął się na ul. Wroniej", Wincenty Jastrzębski, Wspomnienia, Warszawa 1966, p. 241
  25. Do ludności polskiej, [in:] Dziennik Wileński 21.11.1918
  26. Lech Wyszczelski, Wilno 1919-1920, Warszawa 2008, ISBN 9788311112490, p. 47
  27. Michał Wołłejko, Droga do zwycięstwa zaczęła się w Wilnie, [in:] Wilnoteka service 08.11.2012
  28. Альгирдас Вилейкис, Вильнюс - столица советской Литвы, Вильнюс 1988, ISBN 9785417000409, p. 28
  29. see a Polish map from 1921, available here
  30. according to other sources to the St. Raphael parish, Waldemar Wołkanowski, Restauracje międzywojennego Wilna. Ludzie, miejsca, historie (5), [in:] Wilnoteka service 15.05.2022
  31. it was operated by Wileńskie Towarzystwo Cyklistów (Vilnius Cyclist Society), Waldemar Wołkanowski, Budownictwo w Wilnie międzywojennym – przewodnik chronologiczny (cz. 7), [in:] Wilnoteka service 02.12.2021
  32. see a description by Karol Maciurzyński, dated 1936: „Ledwo przecisnąć się można od ul. Mickiewicza, jednym wozem zaledwie można przejechać między ogródkami. Po stu metrach otwiera się ulica szeroka, z kilkupiętrowymi kamienicami”, referred after Wołkanowski 2021
  33. originally the plot (numbered St. George's 25) belonged to Antanas Vileišis. Shortly before death he sold it to Adolf and Anna Gimbutt, who on the neighboring plot ran "екипажное и шорное заведене", a transport and saddler business. They rented the place to Maciej Kiełmuć, who opened a cafe (later restaurant); it operated until the early 1950s and earnt sort of iconic status. There were 2 suicides recorded in "Zacisze", one by a professional NCO and another by a waiter, Wołkanowski 2022. "Zacisze" is mentioned in numerous recollections from the interwar period, e.g. the Nobel-prize winner Miłosz admitted that for the first time in his life he got drunk in "Zacisze", Czesław Miłosz, Abecadło Miłosza, Kraków 1997, ISBN 9788308027325, p. 23
  34. Władysław Zahorski, Przewodnik po Wilnie, Wilno 1927, p. VI
  35. Maria Ankudowicz-Bieńkowska, Polskie życie muzyczne w Wilnie lat II Rzeczypospolitej, Kraków 1997, ISBN 9788387315078, p. 40
  36. named "Słońce", Kwartalnik Filmowy 44 (2003), p. 213
  37. the tragedy which rocked Vilnius in 1925, when a Lelewel Gymnasium student used firearms in the school premises, resulting in 5 people dead, took place when the school was already located in another building at the corner of Mickiewicza and 3. Maja
  38. Karsokaitė 2020
  39. Bronius Makauskas, Vilnijos lietuviai 1920-1939 metais, Vilnius 1991, ISBN 5420004747, p. 151
  40. Włodzimierz Paprzycki and Czesław Kiernowicz performed a training flight on a Potez XV aircraft; apparently the engine broke down and the machine crashed into the roof of the Prozorov building, in the section at the time occupied by a school (perhaps the crew intended to crash-land on the empty nearby Plac Łukiski). One pilot died on the spot, another one perished in the hospital. As the accident took place in afternoon hours, there were no children at the premises and there were no other casualties recorded, Karolis Kučiauskas, Nežinoma Vilniaus istorija: minios plūdo pažiūrėti lėktuvo katastrofos, [in:] Delfi service 20.02.2015
  41. the building was designed by Jerzy Sołtan and Stanisław Murczyński, Dolistowska 2017, p. 89
  42. Wołkanowski 2021
  43. it was designed by Stanisław Bukowski, Sebastian Wicher, Życie poświęcone architekturze, [in:] Medyk Białostocki 81 (2009), p. 21
  44. e.g. it hosted apartments of the deputy mayor (wicestarosta) of Powiat Wileńsko-Trocki Henryk Zabielski, deputy chairman of the Appeal Court Władysław Dmochowski or a well-known lawyer Mieczysław Engiel, see Księga adresowa m. Wilna. Wileński kalendarz informacyjny na rok 1931. Rocznik XXVI, Wilno 1931, p. 64 Księga adresowa m. Wilna. Wileński kalendarz informacyjny na rok 1939. Rocznik XXXIV, Wilno 1939, pp. 60, 82
  45. apart from the Lithuanian high school, it hosted also Gimnazjum Humanistyczne Ferdynanda Welera, Szkoła Muzyczna Jacobi Pawłowiczowej and Roczne Koedukacyjne Kursy Handlowe A. Biedziukiewicza, Księga adresowa m. Wilna. Wileński kalendarz informacyjny na rok 1931. Rocznik XXVI, Wilno 1931, pp. 114-115
  46. Czesław Grzelak, Wilno-Grodno-Kodziowce 1939, Warszawa 2002, ISBN 8311094578, p. 79
  47. Grzelak 2002, pp. 79-84
  48. Piotr Łossowski, Litwa a sprawy polskie, Warszawa 1985, ISBN 8301039736, p. 103
  49. in late 1939 or early 1940, Tomas Venclova, Józef Piłsudski: Polska jest jak obwarzanek. Wszystko, co dobre, jest na obrzeżach. Z "obrzeży" najbliższa mu była Litwa, [in:] Gazeta Wyborcza 24.02.18
  50. see e.g. a map from 1940, available here. Given the street was rather short, the long name "Adomo Dambrausko-Jakšto gatvė" usually did not fit on any map. In the example linked, the street name is shortened to "A D. Jakšto"
  51. explaining the mechanics behind renaming the street requires a lengthy footnote. For Lithuanians colonel Jerzy Dąbrowski represented the resented Polish nationalism and there was hardly a chance his name would stand. Mykolas Biržiška noted that finding a new patron involved a trick. It was only the previous year, in 1938, that perished a Lithuanian cultural activist and Catholic philosopher Aleksandras Dambrauskas, known by his pen-name "Adomas Jakštas". The idea was to bank on similarity between the surnames of Dąbrowski (in some Polish sources spelled as “Dombrowski”, see e.g. Tadeusz Kowalski, Ostatnia podchorążówka II-ej Rzeczpospolitej, Warszawa 1993, p. 69, and in Lithuanian sources as "Dombrovskas", see a Lithuanian interwar map here) and Dambrauskas (in Polish Dambrowski). The street was named “Dambrausko-Jakšto gatvė” (Dambrauskas-Jakštas Street), Justyna Walkowiak, Urbanonimia wyobrażona: przewodnik po Wilnie nieistniejącym, [in:] Język Polski 98/4 (2018), p. 103. Some Lithuanian newspapers grumbled over the choice, as Jakštas was known for his dislike of Vilnius, Tomas Venclova, Apie Jozefą Pilsudskį ir Vilniaus lietuviškumo priežastį, [in:] Lietuvos Rytas 07.12.2017
  52. Przemysław Włodek, Wilno, Warszawa 2005, ISBN 9788389188366, p. 182
  53. it is unclear what the official name of the street during the Nazi rule was. Some German maps feature "Dabrowskiego" and some feature "Jaksto", compare Mapster service, available here. Local administration was managed by the collaborationist Lithuanian administration
  54. Zygmunt Szczęsny Brzozowski, Litwa--Wilno, 1910-1945, London 1987, ISBN 9782869140257, p. 138
  55. Jerzy Malewski, Ptasznik z Wilna, Kraków 1991, ISBN 8385123407, p. 49
  56. Jarosław Wołkonowski, Okręg Wileński ZWZ AK, Warszawa 1996, ISBN 8386100184, pp. 176, 178, Stanisława Lewandowska, Wileńskie rozmowy niemiecko-polskie w lutym 1944, [in:] Dzieje Najnowsze XXXIV (2002), pp. 101-145, Z.S. Siemaszko, Rozmowy z Wehrmachtem w Wilnie. Luty 1944, [in:] Zeszyty Historyczne 64 (1984), pp. 86-115
  57. Włodek 2005, p. 182
  58. in some sources the street initially appeared as “5 Komunarų” (Five Communards), perhaps to distinguish them from “Keturi komunarai” (Four Communards), political prisoners executed in 1927 in Lithuania and also subject to official exaltation. Those who perished in 1919 were declared dead when defending the Soviet premises, with no mention that they actually committed suicide in order to avoid capture by the Polish militia
  59. Adomo Jakšto gatvė entry, [in:] Vilniaus katalogas
  60. TSRS atvirlaiškis - Vilnius. Angarietis 1973, [in:] Pirkis website
  61. the play was written by Sigitas Geda and Saulius Šaltenis in preparations for the Vilnius 1977 celebrations of the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution. Brazenly apologetic, it was at the time and especially later re-interpreted as sort of a mockery, Aušra Jurgutienė, Dalia Satkauskytė, The Literary Field under Communist Rule, London 2019, ISBN 9781644690871, p. 44
  62. Directory of Soviet Officials: Republic Orgaznizations, vols. 4/9, Moscow 1988, p. 254
  63. Directory of Soviet Officials: Republic Orgaznizations, vols. 4/9, Moscow 1988, p. 256
  64. Directory of Soviet Officials: Republic Orgaznizations, vols. 4/9, Moscow 1988, p. 255
  65. Directory of Soviet Officials: Republic Orgaznizations, vols. 4/9, Moscow 1988, p. 263
  66. Report on the USSR, vols. 1-13 (1988), p. 23
  67. Вильнюс, ул. Комунару, 9, [in:] YT service 18.10.2020
  68. Adresas: A. Jakšto gatvė 12, [in:] Vilniaus katalogas service
  69. Zita Tiukšienė, Nijolė Sisaitė (eds.), Pasižvalgymai po Vilnių, Vilnius 2015, ISBN 9786099571010, p. 73
  70. Tiukšienė, Sisaitė 2015, p. 75
  71. Struktūra ir kontaktinė informacija, [in:] Lietuvos Respublikos aplinkos ministerija service
  72. Kontaktinė informacija, [in:] Lietuvos Respublikos specialiųjų tyrimų tarnyba service
  73. compare rental offerings listed at Aruodas service, available here
  74. compare sale offerings listed at Aruodas service, available here
  75. compare Vaidilos Teatras service, available here
  76. Aidas Pelenis, Jakšto gatvėje bus rekonstruojamas istorinis pastatas: įkurdins viešbutį, [in:] Made in Vilnius service, also Karsokaitė 2020
  77. view from 1938. In 2020 the patio has been built up, see the present-day photo, available here. The refurbishment triggered official juridical investigation as to its legality, Ignas Jačauskas, Prokurorai pradėjo tyrimą dėl įstiklinto pastato Vilniaus Gedimino prospecte, [in:] LRT service 12.08.2020. Following almost 3 years, there is no outcome known
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