Inbicon

Elsam, a Danish power company, began looking at using biomass for the production of energy in the 1990s. The first pilot plant was opened in 2003, and it could process 2.4 metric tons of biomass/day. By 2005, the pilot plant was scaled up and could process 24 metric tons/day. Elsam, along with six other companies, merged to form DONG Energy, in 2006. In 2007, Inbicon was formed as a separate subsidiary of DONG Energy. The first Inbicon biomass refinery was opened at Kalundborg in 2009 and processed Danish wheat straw to second-generation fuel ethanol. The Inbicon refinery operated for five years demonstrating the efficacy of the technology and the process design obtaining a nameplate capacity commercial scale operation. The refinery marketed its low-carbon renewable liquid fuel to 99 Statoil stations in Denmark during that time.[1] After 5 years of operation DONG Energy, now Ørsted, considered the technology matured and ceased operation at the Inbicon Commercial Demonstration refinery.[2][3] In August 2019, New Energy Blue, an American company whose founding partners and a US-based process engineering company, Applied Process Solutions (APS), worked on the Inbicon technology and lead business development and Front End Engineering Design to large-scale commercial production since 2009, purchased the exclusive rights to the technology license to the Americas (Inbicon Americas). New Energy Blue has performed feasibility studies to multiple sites in the American Midwest where agricultural residues (wheat straw, corn stover) are abundant to supply these future commercial operations within a 50-mile radius from each site. New Energy Blue expects to build out at multiple sites to supply low carbon fuel supply demands such as the state of California and the country of Canada.

The optimal biomass feedstock the company's technology is designed for is wheat straw. However, they have also tested corn stover, grasses, sugar bagasse, arundo, sorghum, and palm oil residue. Therefore, it is an adaptable process that can utilize the most profitable feedstock.

Inbicon utilizes a hydrothermal pretreatment process after the mechanical conditioning of the feedstock. The premise of this process is to produce a fibre fraction and a liquid fraction through an extraction using hot water. In the fibre fraction this process achieves greater than 80% of the lignin present in the initial feedstock.[4] Whereas the liquid fraction contains: C5 sugars, alkali chlorides and fermentation inhibitors. The main fermentation inhibitor present is acetic acid. However, the fermentation inhibitors can later be removed through detoxification with NH₃ at a feasible cost.[4] Since this pretreatment process does not use acids or bases and only water it eliminates the need to extract pretreatment chemicals once completed. During the initial step of the hydrothermal pretreatment process the feedstock is soaked and simultaneously placed in temperatures of up to 100 °C and ambient pressure. This allows for the extraction of air present and saturates the feedstock with water. The next step entails a pressurized treatment at elevated temperatures in the range of 170 to 230 °C through the addition of hot water or steam for approximately 5–15 minutes. This pressurized treatment can be repeated at altered temperatures and pressures in different zones increasing each subsequent time, therefore, labeled as a counter-current process. The steam released during the hydrothermal pre-treatment process is collected and reused in downstream evaporation processes. Throughout the hydrothermal pretreatment, there are acids formed that causes the fibre fraction to be nearly neutral in pH. The main benefit of this is that the pH will have to barely be adjusted for enzymatic liquefaction.[4]

The idea behind Inbicon's hydrothermal pretreatment is not to remove the hemicellulose and lignin from the fibre fraction but to nullify its protection of cellulose.[4] Even though Inbicon makes it clear that it refuses to be bound to a theory. They reason that when lignin is melted in the presence of water, because of its hydrophobic nature it will form micro-droplets that solidify at lower temperatures. The conditions used in the pretreatment also hydrolyze hemicellulose. Therefore, the creation of these lignin micro-droplets and the hydrolysis of hemicellulose neutralize the two components protecting cellulose. This method keeps feedstock in its native fibrous state, while enhancing the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis.[4]

Inbicon has approved three companies' enzymes for their patented cellulosic ethanol production method: Novozymes, Genencor and Royal DSM.

It is believed the preferred fermentation ethanologen is a C6 fermenting microbe as the process recovers C5 molasses at the end of fermentation.[9]

Inbicon established their first pilot plant in 2003. The company opened their second pilot plant in 2005. Finally, production start-up was unveiled in December 2009 in Kalundborg, Denmark. This plant contains two hydrothermal pretreatment lines of varying quantities. One line has a maximum capacity of 100 kg and the other 1000 kg of lignocellulosic biomass an hour. In the pilot plant only industrial yeast that ferments C6 sugars is used. This plant with the input of 30,000 t of wheat straw can produce 5.4 million litres of ethanol a year. The plant also produces 13,100 t of lignin pellets and 11,250 t of C5-molasses. In their initial pilot plant they were using 2.4 tonnes of feedstock per day. The 2005 scale-up pilot plant achieved a ten-fold increase to 24 tonnes per day. Finally in 2009 in the demonstration plant of Kalundborg they are capable of 100 tonnes per day. Inbicon's future goal is for a plant that could use 1,200 tonnes of feedstock per day.[10]

Inbicon Biomass Refinery is funded by grants received from Danish EUDP program and Framework Programmes.[11]

Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Programme (EUDP) provides funding for the development of new energy technologies that reduce CO₂ emissions, are less harmful to the environment and lead to a reduction in fossil fuel consumption.[12] Inbicon received 76.7 million DKK (10.3 mio. EUR) from Danish EUDP for the design and construction of the Biomass Refinery.

Inbicon is also supported by the European Seventh Framework Programme with 67.7 million DKK (9.1 million EUR). Framework Programmes are created by the European Union to promote research in the European Research Area. On May 20, 2010, it was announced that the European Union Commission would partner with four European biofuel projects, one of which was the Kalundborg Cellulosic Ethanol Project at the Inbicon plant.[13] Inbicon has also received a grant from the European Fifth Framework for the development of the biomass refinery.