Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport

Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (IATA: SHA, ICAO: ZSSS) is one of the two international airports of Shanghai and a significant airline hub of China. Hongqiao Airport mainly serves domestic and regional flights, although the airport also serves international flights. The airport is located near the town of Hongqiao in Changning District and Minhang District, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) west of downtown, and is closer to the city center than the area's primary international airport, Shanghai Pudong.

Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport

上海虹桥国际机场

Shànghǎi Hóngqiáo Guójì Jīchǎng
Summary
Airport typePublic
Owner/OperatorShanghai Airport Authority
ServesShanghai
LocationChangning–Minhang Districts, Shanghai
Opened8 July 1929 (1929-07-08)
Hub for
Elevation AMSL3 m / 10 ft
Coordinates31°11′53″N 121°20′11″E
Website
Maps
CAAC airport chart
CAAC airport chart
SHA is located in Shanghai
SHA
SHA
Location in Shanghai
SHA is located in China
SHA
SHA
Location in China
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
18L/36R 3,400 11,155 Asphalt
18R/36L 3,300 10,827 Concrete
Statistics (2021)
Passengers33,207,337
Aircraft movements231,261
Freight (in tons)383,405
Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport
Simplified Chinese上海虹桥国际机场
Traditional Chinese上海虹橋國際機場

Hongqiao Airport is the corporate headquarters and a major hub for China Eastern Airlines, Shanghai Airlines, and Juneyao Air, as well as a major hub for Spring Airlines. In 2016, Hongqiao Airport handled 40,460,135 passengers, making it the 7th busiest airport in China and the 45th busiest in the world.[2] By the end of 2011, Hongqiao Airport hosted 22 airlines serving 82 scheduled passenger destinations.[3] Shanghai Hongqiao Airport was also certified with the Skytrax 5-Star Airport Rating for facilities, terminal comfort and cleanliness, shopping, food & beverages, and staff service in 2019.[4]

Hongqiao Airport served as Shanghai's primary airport until the completion of Pudong International Airport on 16 September 1999, when most international flights were gradually moved to Pudong.

History
Terminal 1 arrivals concourse
Terminal 1 resting area
Terminal 2 departures

The construction of Hongqiao airport started in 1921. In May 1923, the airport opened for mixed civilian use. The Chinese Air Force deployed fighter-attack planes to Hongqiao in an operational response to the Shanghai Incident of 1932, and engaging Japanese carrier-based planes for the first time that day.[5] In 1937, Hongqiao was the site of the so-called 'Oyama Incident' in which a Japanese lieutenant was shot dead by Chinese Peace Preservation Corps soldiers in the lead-up to the Battle of Shanghai. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the airport was occupied by the Japanese and used as an air force base. Its military use continued after being handed over to the Republic of China government and, later, the People's Republic of China government. From late 1963, it was rebuilt for civilian use, and was re-opened in April 1964. A major expansion took place from March to September 1984, and another from December 1988 to December 1991.

International era (1964–1999)

In 1964, the original Terminal 1 and the control tower opened to public. The terminal was entirely built by China itself and was advanced for its time, equipped with many modern facilities such as barbershops, bookstores, banks, cafes, telecommunication offices, canteens, and even a hotel.[6] The first international charter flight to Hongqiao was Pakistan International Airlines Boeing 720 from Dhaka with a stopover from Guangzhou, making it one of the very few non-communist airlines to fly into China before the Cultural Revolution. In the mid-1960s, Air France[7] and Lufthansa[8] both began service directly from Phnom Penh; however they were both suspended not long after. In 1972, the airport was visited by U.S. President Richard Nixon using an Air Force One before flying to Peking during his visit to China.

In 1974, Japan Airlines began services from Haneda to Hongqiao. In 1979, CAAC Airlines began services from Hongqiao to Nagasaki using a Boeing 707 aircraft; by 1985, a Trident[9] was used for just two flights a week. After China's reform and opening up in 1978, it then evolved into one of the busiest airports in China, alongside Beijing-Capital, particularly due to increasing passenger demand. Since 1981, Hongqiao Airport became a popular stopover for many airlines flying from Beijing to many other countries such as Canada, Japan and United States in particular.[10] In 1985, Airbus-built aircraft started having hubs[11] in this airport, due to it being delivered to the CAAC's Shanghai division (which would then become China Eastern Airlines).[12] Additionally, at that same decade, many foreign airlines like Pan Am,[13] United Airlines, Singapore Airlines,[14] Northwest Airlines,[15] Cathay Pacific[16] (Dragonair replaced the Hong Kong-Shanghai route sometime in the early 1990s), Canadian Pacific Air Lines (which then became Canadian Airlines International) began operating in Hongqiao around that time. During its international era, Hongqiao Airport was much different compared to today. It only had one 3,400 m (11,154 ft 10 in) runway at the time, Terminal 1 was its main terminal, and its former control tower was renovated sometime after Pudong Airport opened.[17]

In the 1990s, many more foreign airlines began serving the airport compared to the previous decade.[18] Examples are All Nippon Airways, KLM, Lufthansa, Thai Airways International,[19] Swissair, Air France, Malaysia Airlines, Korean Air, Garuda Indonesia, Air Macau , Royal Nepal Airlines,[20] Asiana Airlines, Aeroflot,[21] and Qantas.

Domestic era (2002–present)

The airport presently offers mainly domestic flights with the exception of the cities in Northeast China (except Shenyang (MU and FM fly once daily) and Harbin (MU flies once daily), Baotou, Tongren, Zhanjiang, Zhangjiajie and some smaller cities (which all are operating at Pudong Airport only), as well as five international routes to central Tokyo's Haneda Airport, central Seoul's Gimpo International Airport, central Taipei Songshan Airport, Hong Kong International Airport, and Macau's Macau International Airport. Previously, there were flights to Huai'an from the airport until all flights to Huai'an were moved to Pudong Airport in May 2018.

Since 1 January 2013, holders of valid passports issued by 45 countries have not needed a visa if transiting through Hongqiao Airport.

China Eastern Airlines check-in area at Terminal 2

In preparation for the Shanghai Expo, on 16 March 2010, Hongqiao Airport completed a five-year 15.3-billion-yuan expansion project, which included a 3,300-meter (10,826 ft 9 in) second runway and the new Terminal 2, boosting Hongqiao's capacity to 40 million passengers a year.[22] Terminal 2 is four times the size of Terminal 1 and houses 90 percent of all airlines at the airport (Terminal 1 is now used only for international flights and Spring Airlines and XiamenAir). With the new runway, Shanghai became the first city in China to have five (now seven) runways for civilian use (Pudong and Hongqiao combined).

Starting from the end of 2014, Hongqiao Airport Terminal 1 underwent its biggest renovation since 1921. The entire project was scheduled for completion in 2017.[23] On 26 March 2017, Building A of Terminal 1 was fully renovated and reopened to the public.[24] The old Building B was closed for reconstruction, and it was expected to be revamped and open to the public in mid-2018.[24]

International flights were suspended on 25 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. From 25 March 2020, all flights from the airport were domestic to other cities in mainland China. International flights resumed from the airport on 26 March 2023.[25]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger
AirlinesDestinations
Air China Beijing–Capital, Beijing–Daxing, Chengdu–Shuangliu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Taipei–Songshan, Tianjin
Air Macau Macau
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Gimpo
Chengdu Airlines Chengdu–Shuangliu, Yueyang
China Airlines Taipei–Songshan
China Eastern Airlines Beijing–Capital, Changsha, Chengdu–Tianfu, Chongqing, Dali, Daqing, Enshi, Fuzhou, Ganzhou, Guangzhou, Guilin, Guiyang, Harbin, Hohhot, Hong Kong, Jiayuguan, Jinan, Kunming, Lanzhou, Lijiang, Liuzhou, Luoyang, Macau, Mangshi, Mudanjiang, Nanchang, Ordos, Pu'er, Qingdao, Seoul–Gimpo, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Taipei–Songshan, Taiyuan, Tengchong, Tianjin, Tokyo–Haneda, Ulanhot, Ürümqi, Weihai, Wenshan, Wuhai, Wuhan, Wuyishan, Xiamen, Xi'an, Xining, Xinyang, Yan'an, Yancheng, Yanji, Yantai, Yinchuan, Yulin (Shaanxi), Zhengzhou
China Southern Airlines Beijing–Daxing, Guangzhou, Guiyang, Shenzhen, Ürümqi, Yining, Zhengzhou
China United Airlines Beijing–Daxing, Foshan, Tianjin
EVA Air Taipei–Songshan
Hainan Airlines Beijing–Capital, Guangzhou, Haikou, Ürümqi
Hebei Airlines Shijiazhuang
Hong Kong Airlines Hong Kong
Japan Airlines Tokyo–Haneda
Juneyao Air Beijing–Daxing, Bijie, Changsha, Chengdu–Tianfu, Chizhou, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Guilin, Guiyang, Haikou, Kunming, Lanzhou, Sanya, Seoul–Gimpo, Shenzhen, Taiyuan, Ürümqi, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xi'an, Xiangyang, Zhuhai
Korean Air Seoul–Gimpo
Lucky Air Kunming, Yichun (Jiangxi)
OTT Airlines Beijing–Capital, Jieyang
Shandong Airlines Chongqing, Jinan, Qingdao, Xiamen, Yantai, Zhuhai
Shanghai Airlines Beijing–Daxing, Changsha, Chengdu–Shuangliu, Chongqing, Fuyang, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Guiyang, Haikou, Hailar, Hong Kong, Jiamusi, Jinggangshan, Jixi, Kunming, Lanzhou, Macau, Nanchang, Nanning, Qingdao, Qionghai, Qiqihar, Sanya, Seoul–Gimpo, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Taipei–Songshan, Taiyuan, Tianjin, Tokyo–Haneda, Ürümqi, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xi'an, Xishuangbanna, Yantai, Zhengzhou, Zhuhai
Shenzhen Airlines Guangzhou, Jingdezhen, Shenzhen
Spring Airlines Changde, Chengdu–Tianfu, Chongqing, Dongying, Dunhuang, Guangzhou, Guiyang, Hengyang, Jieyang, Kunming, Lanzhou, Linyi, Mianyang, Qingdao, Qingyang, Quanzhou, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang, Ürümqi, Xiamen, Xi'an, Xining, Yinchuan, Zhangjiakou, Zunyi–Maotai
Tianjin Airlines Tianjin
Tibet Airlines Chengdu–Shuangliu, Lhasa
XiamenAir Chongqing, Fuzhou, Luzhou, Quanzhou, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Xiamen, Yinchuan

    Other facilities
    Airport terminal exterior

    The airport has the head office of China Eastern Airlines, which is housed in the China Eastern Airlines Building,[26][27] and was the head office of China Cargo Airlines.[28]

    Apron of Shanghai Hongqiao Airport in 2010.
    Apron of Hongqiao Airport

    Accidents and incidents
    • On 17 September 1982, Japan Airlines Flight 792, a Douglas DC-8-61 bearing registration JA8048 en route to Tokyo Narita Airport, made an emergency landing, overran the runway and crashed into a drainage ditch after the hydraulic system and airbrake pressure failed. 39 of the 223 passengers and crew got injured but on one killed aboard the aircraft.[29]
    • On 15 August 1989, a China Eastern Airlines Antonov An-24, bearing the registration B-3417 and en route to Nanchang, crashed on takeoff due to an engine failure. Of the 40 occupants, 6 survived.[30]
    • On 10 September 1998, China Eastern Airlines Flight 586, an MD-11 bearing registration B-2173, made an emergency landing at the airport after the landing gear had not retracted properly while en route to Beijing. Of the 137 occupants on board, nobody was killed. The footage subsequently has been uploaded to YouTube.[31][32]
    • On 15 April 1999, Korean Air Lines Flight 6316, an MD-11F bearing registration HL7373, crashed shortly after takeoff from Hongqiao Airport to Seoul. After takeoff, the first officer contacted Shanghai Departure, which cleared the flight to climb to 1,500 metres (4,921 ft 3 in). When the aircraft climbed to 4,500 feet (1,372 m) in the corridor, the captain, after receiving two wrong affirmative answers from the first officer that the required altitude should be 1,500 ft (457 m), thought that the aircraft was 3,000 ft (914 m) too high. The captain then pushed the control column abruptly and roughly forward causing the plane to enter a rapid descent. Both crew members tried to recover from the dive but were unable. All three occupants onboard and five people on the ground were killed.[33]
    • On 13 August 2011, Qatar Airways Flight 888, a Boeing 777-300ER en route from Doha International Airport to Shanghai's other international airport, Shanghai Pudong International Airport declared a low-fuel emergency and elected to divert to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport. Air traffic control at Hongqiao ordered Juneyao Airlines Flight 1112, en route from Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport to Hongqiao, to terminate its approach and allow the Qatar Airways Boeing 777-300ER to land. The pilot of Juneyao Airlines Flight 1112 ignored repeated orders to abort their landing and give Flight 888 priority, ultimately forcing the Qatar Airways flight to go-around. Both aircraft landed safely without injury or damage to the aircraft. The incident led to penalties to Juneyao Airlines and the crew of the Juneyao plane by the Civil Aviation Administration of China, including the permanent revocation of the pilot's license in China.[34]
    • On 7 June 2013, China Eastern Airlines Flight 2947, an Embraer EMB-145LI flying from Huai'an Lianshui Airport to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport veered off of runway 18L at Hongqiao during landing. The plane came to a stop on an adjacent taxiway with its nose gear collapsed. No passengers or crew suffered any injuries, however, the plane received substantial damage.[35]
    • On 11 October 2016, China Eastern Airlines Flight MU5643, an Airbus A320 (Registration B-2337), nearly collided with Flight MU5106 of the same airline, an Airbus A330, when the former was taking off on runway 36L while the latter was crossing the same runway under wrong instruction. The former performed a TOGA takeoff, managed to climb over the latter, and avoided a collision.[36]

    Ground transportation
    Platform of Hongqiao Airport Terminal 2 Station (Line 2 & 10)

    Terminal 2 of the Hongqiao Airport is immediately adjacent to Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station, a major train hub served by the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, the Shanghai–Hangzhou High-Speed Railway and the Shanghai–Nanjing Intercity High-Speed Railway. The airport's other terminal, Terminal 1, is across the airfield from Terminal 2.

    The airport and the railway station are served by three stations of the metro network:[37]

    The proposed extension of the Shanghai Maglev Train from Longyang Road through Shanghai South railway station to Hongqiao would connect the two airports. At top speed, the maglev would take only 15 minutes to travel the 55 km (34 mi) route. Original plans called for completing the extension by 2010, in time for the Expo 2010; however, the Hongqiao extension has been indefinitely postponed due to protests.

    See also

    References
    1. 2016年民航机场生产统计公报. CAAC. 24 February 2017.
    2. ACI releases World Airport Traffic Report 2010
    3. 民航局与上海市人民政府在沪签战略合作协议 (in Chinese). Carnoc. 6 April 2012.
    4. "Shanghai Hongqiao international airport was certified as a Skytrax five star airport".
    5. 航空知识 (3 September 2020). "从陈应明航空画中忆英雄风采！抗战胜利75周年，我们从未忘记". 澎湃号·媒体. 1932年"1·28"事变爆发后，中国派出9架各型军机调往上海虹桥机场增援，并与当日与日本发生空战，但战斗双方都无损失。
    6. "我国最大的国际机场之一——上海虹桥机场辟为国际机场". k.sina.cn. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
    7. "Air France and the Pearl of the Orient | Air France – Corporate". corporate.airfrance.com. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
    8. airlinemaps. "Airline Maps: Photo". Your source for airline route maps and terminal diagrams from around the world. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
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    11. "1985/86: CAAC Network". Routes. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
    12. Daxue_Writing (5 September 2021). "A brief history of air travel in China since the 80s". Daxue Consulting – Market Research China. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
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    14. "1985/86: Singapore Airlines Network". Routes. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
    15. "1985/86: Northwest Orient (nwa) network". Routes. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
    16. "1985/86: Cathay Pacific Network". Routes. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
    17. Cunningham, Raymond (1 September 1985), Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport 1985 (SHA), retrieved 15 September 2022
    18. "World Routes 25: 2009 Host Beijing Network in Nov 1995". Routes. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
    19. "1989 – 1998 AD. | Development and Advancement of THAI | Thai Airways". www.thaiairways.com. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
    20. Osaka and Kyoto, Japan and Shanghai airport, China (#July_2002) #PART_THREE, retrieved 4 November 2022
    21. "1998/99: AEROFLOT Network". Routes. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
    22. "Runway at Hongqiao ready for flight test". 10 January 2010. Archived from the original on 6 May 2010.
    23. Yang, Jian (31 October 2014). "Airport renovation biggest since it opened in 1921". Shanghai Daily. Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
    24. Yang, Jian (21 March 2017). "Hongqiao airport gets its biggest facelift since its opening in 1921". Shanghai Daily. Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
    25. Kelly, Ned (24 March 2023). "Shanghai Hongqiao Airport Resumes International Flights". That's mag. That's mag. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
    26. "Exhibit B." p. 2. "2550 Hongqiao Road Hongqiao International Airport China Eastern Airlines Building" (Archive)
    27. "China Eastern Airlines Corp. Ltd. (CEA)." Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved on 3 October 2009. "China Eastern Airlines Corp. Ltd. 2550 Hong Qiao Road Shanghai, 200335 China – Map"
    28. "Directory:World airlines." Flight International. 25–31 March 2003. 45. "Hongqiao International Airport, Shanghai, 200335, China"
    29. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-8-61 JA8048 Shanghai-Hongqiao Airport (SHA)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
    30. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-24RV B-3417 Shanghai-Hongqiao Airport (SHA)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
    31. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas MD-11 B-2173 Shanghai-Hongqiao Airport (SHA)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
    32. Raw Footage of China Eastern Airlines Flight 586 Emergency Landing 1998年，东航客机迫降上海虹桥机场实录！！, archived from the original on 12 December 2021, retrieved 10 August 2021
    33. Accident summary, Korean Air HL7373. aviation-safety.net
    34. Incident: Incident: Qatar B773 and Juneyao A320 near Shanghai on 13 August 2011, fuel emergency or not. The Aviation Herald. 24 August 2011.
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    37. "Shanghai metro reaches Hongqiao Airport". Railway Gazette International. 16 March 2010. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.

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