Hirano body

Hirano bodies are intracellular aggregates of actin and actin-associated proteins first observed in neurons (nerve cells) by Asao Hirano in 1965.[1] The eponym ‘Hirano bodies’ was not introduced until 1968, by Schochet et al., three years after Hirano first observed the proteins.[2]

Hirano bodies are found in the nerve cells of individuals afflicted with certain neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.[3]

Hirano bodies were first described in the CA1 in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC).[2] Hirano bodies (Hb) are found mostly in the neuronal processes in the pyramidal layer in the Sommer’s sector (CA1) of the hippocampus, mostly arising from age related changes in the microfilament system.[2][4] Hirano bodies are often described as rod-shaped, crystal-like, and eosinophilic (pink after staining with haematoxylin and eosin). They are frequently seen in hippocampal pyramidal cells.[5] An experimental model of Hirano body formation has been reported, using a genetically altered strain of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.[6]

Hirano bodies have been noted as a function of age without obvious underlying neurodegeneration.[7]

Alzheimer's disease

The Sommer’s sector (CA1) of the hippocampus has been described to be influential in the formation of new memories, as well as, containing inclusion bodies that contribute to a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), intellectual deficit.[2] Alzheimer’s neurofibrillary tangles show a preference to form in the CA1, which is one of the major areas in which Hb’s have been observed.[2] There are a larger number of Hb’s found in people with Alzheimer’s disease than those without the disease.[4] Additionally many processes of Alzheimer’s neurofibrillary tangles have been observed to contain Hirano bodies.[2]

Hirano bodies are described as cytoplasmic paracrystalline lattices, which are a main form of a pathological feature seen in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD).[8] There is an upregulation of a macroautophagic pathway related to AD that can be related to an actin aggregate thought to be an intermediate in the formation of Hirano bodies.[9] More specifically the actin and actin binding proteins seen in Hirano bodies are a significant feature of an Alzheimer’s disease brain.[9] Additionally, variations in the locational characteristics of β-amyloid precursor proteins seen in Alzheimer’s disease are connected to Hirano bodies. It was observed that Hirano bodies are a specific site of a C-terminal fragment of β-amyloid precursor proteins.[2][10]

Notes
  1. University of Edinburgh Archived 2013-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, Hirano bodies, citing Hirano, Asao. (1965) "Pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis," in Slow Latent and Temperate Virus Infections, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness (NINDB) monograph No.2, pp. 23-37.
  2. Hirano, A. (1994-02-01). "Hirano bodies and related neuronal inclusions". Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 20 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1994.tb00951.x. ISSN 1365-2990. PMID 8208338. S2CID 23942573.
  3. Cartier, L.; Gálvez, S.; Gajdusek, D.C. (1985). "Familial clustering of the ataxic form of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease with Hirano bodies". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 48 (3): 234–238. doi:10.1136/jnnp.48.3.234. PMC 1028256. PMID 2984334.
  4. Schmidt, M. L.; Lee, V. M.; Trojanowski, J. Q. (1989). "Analysis of epitopes shared by Hirano bodies and neurofilament proteins in normal and Alzheimer's disease hippocampus". Lab. Invest. 60 (4): 513–522. PMID 2468822.
  5. Ramzi Cotran; Vinay Kumar; Tucker Collins (1999). Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, Sixth Edition. W.B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-7335-6.
  6. Maselli, A. G., Davis, R., Furukawa, R. and Fechheimer, M. (2002)."Formation of Hirano bodies in Dictyostelium and mammalian cells induces by expression of a modified form of an actin-crosslinking protein," J.Cell Sci. 115, 1939-1952.
  7. Gibson, P. H.; Tomlinson, B. E. (1977). "Numbers of Hirano bodies in the hippocampus of normal and demented people with Alzheimer's disease". J. Neurol. Sci. 33 (1–2): 199–206. doi:10.1016/0022-510x(77)90193-9. PMID 903782. S2CID 32228762.
  8. Bamburg, James R.; Bloom, George S. (2009-08-01). "Cytoskeletal pathologies of Alzheimer disease". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 66 (8): 635–649. doi:10.1002/cm.20388. ISSN 1097-0169. PMC 2754410. PMID 19479823.
  9. Yu, W. Haung; Cuervo, Ana Maria; Kumar, Asok; Peterhoff, Corrinne M.; Schmidt, Stephen D.; Lee, Ju-Hyun; Mohan, Panaiyur S.; Mercken, Marc; Farmery, Mark R. (2005-10-10). "Macroautophagy—a novel β-amyloid peptide-generating pathway activated in Alzheimer's disease". J Cell Biol. 171 (1): 87–98. doi:10.1083/jcb.200505082. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2171227. PMID 16203860.
  10. Munoz, David G.; Wang, Dequn; Greenberg, Barry D. (1993-01-01). "Hirano Bodies Accumulate C-Terminal Sequences of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein (β-APP) Epitopes". Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 52 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1097/00005072-199301000-00003. ISSN 0022-3069. PMID 7678852. S2CID 84120926.

References
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