Education in Virginia

Education in Virginia addresses the needs of students from pre-kindergarten through adult education. Virginia's educational system consistently ranks in the top ten states on the U.S. Department of Education's National Assessment of Educational Progress, with Virginia students outperforming the average in almost all subject areas and grade levels tested.[1] The 2010 Quality Counts report ranked Virginia's K–12 education fourth best in the country.[2] All school divisions must adhere to educational standards set forth by the Virginia Department of Education, which maintains an assessment and accreditation regime known as the Standards of Learning to ensure accountability.[3] In 2008, 81% of high school students graduated on-time after four years.[4] The 1984 Virginia Assembly stated that, "Education is the cornerstone upon which Virginia's future rests."[5]

History
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The Syms School was founded in 1635, as the first free school in the Americas, but this was not the first attempt at establishing an education system. The first attempt was a move in 1619-1620 by the London Company to begin a school to educate Indian children in Christianity. The second attempt, known as the "East India School", was meant to educate white children in the colony of Virginia.[6] During the colonial period, Virginia was one of the first colonies to establish schools and colleges, such as The College of William and Mary in 1693.

Thomas Jefferson drafted a "Bill for More General Diffusion of Knowledge" to create a universal public education, but most planters at the time did not want tax money to go to educating poor children. Jefferson did start the first public university, The University of Virginia, in 1819.[7] According to Thomas Hunt, Charles F. Mercer authored a report in the state legislature in 1816 calling for state supported primary schooling for all white children. Supervision was to be provided by a state Board of Public Instruction, chosen by the legislature. In 1817, his bill passed the lower house but died in the state senate. Jefferson opposed the plan because heavy funding for primary schools would divert money from his beloved state university, and the plan would replace local control by state control.[8][9]

Finally the first free public school systems were established around 1851. Unlike Northern and Western states influenced by the ideas of Horace Mann, public education was not required under the Virginia state constitution until 1870, after an innovation in the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868 (although paying for such education became controversial in the next decade).

In addition to the free schools, "pay schools" also existed, particularly for education beyond simple literacy. Before the American Civil War, rich families employed private tutors. Other schools were funded at least partially by parents within a community, and they also had control over the school as a community. Some were known as field schools, because communities often built in a field by the community. After the American Civil War, the Peabody Foundation distributed funds to help construct field schools, as later did the Rosenwald Foundation, which established Rosenwald Schools in Virginia and other Southern states to assist in educating African Americans. Church groups also established schools, especially to educate Native Americans and remote mountain communities. Rev. Frederick Never established over a dozen in the Blue Ridge Mountains, of which Blue Ridge School still exists today. Baptist and other missionaries founded others, including the Manassas Industrial School and Rappahannock Industrial Academy. Some schools operated only in the winter months so students could assist their farming families; others closed during the winter months. Privately funded education also included private tutors or boarding schools abroad for richer or luckier families.[10]

Virginia built many schools after World War I and again after World War II, but such barely kept up with population growth. Virginia had among the lowest tax rates in the nation, so local school boards often scrimped on school construction. Before $45 million in appropriations during the administration of Governor John S. Battle, per pupil expenditures and teacher salaries both remained below national averages, and the state ranked last nationally in percentage of high school age children actually attending high school, and next-to-last in college age children going to college.[11]

However, with the collapse of Massive Resistance in the 1960s, Virginia school expenditures increased, as did educational standards.

Now, Virginia has 134 school divisions that are governed by local school boards. Within these divisions, approximately 1,900 schools provide an education for over one million students.[12]

Prekindergarten

Governor Tim Kaine launched an initiative for state-funding of pre-kindergarten education. These programs are focused on children with "at risk" demographics to assist them in performing well at the K-12 levels. During the 2008 General Assembly session, Governor Kaine backed $22 million expansion to increase the accessibility of pre-k education for at-risk four-year-olds.

K-12
See also: List of high schools in Virginia and List of school divisions in Virginia
I.C. Norcom High School, a public high school located in Portsmouth, Virginia

Public K–12 schools in Virginia are generally operated by the counties and cities, and not by the state. As of April 2010, a total of 1,259,623 students were enrolled in 1,881 local and regional schools in the Commonwealth, including three charter schools, and an additional 109 alternative and special education centers across 132 school divisions.[13][14] Between 2000 and 2008, school enrollment increased 5%, the number of teachers 21%.[15]

Besides the general public schools in Virginia, there are Governor's Schools and selective magnet schools. The Governor's Schools are a collection of more than 40 regional high schools and summer programs intended for gifted students.[16] The Virginia Council for Private Education oversees the regulation of 294 state accredited and 141 non-accredited private schools.[17] An additional 23,290 students receive homeschooling.[18]

Nine high schools in the Northern Virginia region are ranked in the top 100 nationwide by Newsweek magazine.[19] In addition, Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, which requires an application, is listed as the best public high school in the nation according to U.S. News & World Report.[20] All Northern Virginia schools pay the test fees for students to take Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate exams, and Alexandria and Arlington lead the nation in college course tests.[21]

Online Education

Virtual Virginia (VVa) is the Department of Education's system for providing online courses to students. These classes are mostly Advanced Placement (AP) classes for students who are home schooled or go to a public high school (some courses are offered to middle school students) where the course is not taught. These courses are offered free of charge to students enrolled through a high school, but not to those in private or home schooling, or those who are out of state.[22] This program got its start in the 1980s, when AP courses were offered through satellite schools to students in Virginia, mostly to those in rural areas without many other education options. The program became known as the Virginia Satellite Education Network (VSEN). That program got combined with Virtual Virginia Advanced Placement School to become what it is today.

VVa currently offers a total of 54 classes; 23 of them are AP and 21 are for foreign languages.[23] These classes are mostly one or two semester courses, with a select few being offered during the summer. The school is run through Desire2Learn, a web-based course management system which presents the lesson material through an internet browser.[24]

Standards of Learning

Virginia has a statewide system of support and accountability for its public schools.[25] These standards hold the state accountable for rigorous academic standards, called the Standards of Learning (SOL). Success is measured through annual SOL testing and also through alternative testing.[25] The standards test students in English, math, science, and social studies.[26] Tests are conducted at the end of 3rd, 5th, 8th grade, and at the end of some high school courses in all subjects, but English and math are tested in grades 3-8, and also at the end of some high school courses.[26] Testing depends on the curriculum, and can occur at any grade level according to what the curriculum says.[26] In 2001, there was parental resistance to the Standards of Learning, or SOLs, saying they were unrealistic goals. By 2004, students were required to take a series of 11 exams that were all based on the SOLs. By 2007, in order for a school to keep its accreditation, they must have a 70% pass rate of the SOLs among their students. They also argued that the tests did not accurately match what was in the curriculum.[27] As stated by the Standards of Learning Objectives, "The Standards of Learning Program Establishes a framework for general education in the public schools in Virginia. It includes objectives to help students acquire the knowledge, skills, and attitudes believed necessary for further education and employment."[28] When the standards were first implemented, some veteran teachers saw them as a loss, while some inexperienced teachers viewed them as a gain to the educational system. Losses might include things like a sense of a loss of power, and gains might be seen as things like a great opportunity for collaboration between teachers.[29] The major goal of having standards for curriculum is to create quality American schools. Diane Ravitch is one of the predominant people to help write the standards, and she says that "standards give clear expectations for students, teachers, parents, colleges, and employers that will result in improved student achievement".[30]

No Child Left Behind

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was signed into law on January 8, 2002 by President George W. Bush. It is commonly abbreviated as NCLB. It was a re-authorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and some say that it was one of the most significant pieces of legislation to affect education in the last 30 years.[31] No Child Left Behind was designed to hold schools accountable for students' proficiency, as determined by testing procedures. NCLB states that the 4 major goals are "stronger accountability for results, increased flexibility and local control, expanded options for parents, and an emphasis on teaching options that have been proven to work.".[32] The goal of NCLB was to have all students testing at proficient levels by the 2012-2013 school year.[33] It also says that 95% of all eligible students must be taking the SOL tests.[33] "Adequate Yearly Progress" (AYP), which is meeting the target proficiency ratings, must be met by the schools annually.[33] If two consecutive years pass where a school does not meet AYP, then they get labeled as "needing improvement", and supplemental services may be offered.[33] No Child Left Behind also regulates employment of teachers, by requiring that all teachers are "highly qualified".[33] Although the overall goal of No Child Left Behind is full of good intentions, it does not meet all students' needs, for example, high-achieving, "gifted" students. NCLB also has implications for teachers, by putting a lot of pressure on the educators in the public school system to get the required proficiency results.[34] Some have also argued that NCLB legislation prevents the teaching of civics, because the curriculum is so focused on other content areas. This could be detrimental, because the foundation of the public education system was to help students develop into productive citizens.[35] NCLB was repealed in 2015, succeeded by the Every Student Succeeds Act.

Higher education
See also: List of colleges and universities in Virginia
A red brick, Neoclassical dome with a large portico on the front and covered walkway on the sides. Snow covers the foreground and trees.
The University of Virginia, a World Heritage Site, was founded by President Thomas Jefferson.[36]

As of 2010, there are 167 colleges and universities in Virginia.[37] In the 2022-2023 U.S. News & World Report ranking of public colleges in the United States, multiple institutions in Virginia were ranked: the University of Virginia was 3rd, the College of William & Mary was 13th, Virginia Tech was 23rd, George Mason University was 64th, James Madison University was 72nd, Virginia Commonwealth University was 83rd, and Old Dominion University was 156th.[38][39][40] In U.S. News & World Report 2008 America's Best Colleges report, James Madison University was recognized as the number one regional public master's university in The South since 1993.[41] In 2008, Virginia Commonwealth University was ranked the 4th best public university in Fine Arts in the United States according to U.S. News & World Report.[42] The Virginia Military Institute is the oldest state military college and a top ranked public liberal arts college.[43][44] Liberty University is also the largest university in Virginia with over 92,000 students, followed closely by Virginia Tech and Virginia Commonwealth University.[45] Virginia Tech and Virginia State University are the state's land-grant universities. Virginia also operates 23 community colleges on 40 campuses serving over 288,000 students.[46] There are 120 private institutions, including Washington and Lee University, Emory & Henry College, Hampden–Sydney College, Roanoke College, and the University of Richmond.[37]

Virginia law requires each public college or university to publish the amount of its fees separate from its tuition. As reported in the Washington Post, athletic fees have grown in recent years. Athletic fees typically go to a separate fund to pay for intercollegiate athletic teams. Over the past 10 years, the average athletic fee at 14 public universities has doubled from $530 to $986. All students at an institution must pay the athletic fee, whether or not they participate in sports.[47]

Virginia public university athletic fees[48]
UniversityTuition and feesAthletic fees% of total
George Mason University$8,584$4765%
Old Dominion University$7,708$1,13315%
University of Virginia$10,628$6576%
Virginia Commonwealth University$8,817$5596%
Virginia Tech$9,589$2573%
College of William and Mary$12,188$1,42212%
Christopher Newport University$9,250$1,14712%
James Madison University$7,860$1,11414%
Longwood University$9,855$2,02221%
University of Mary Washington$7,862$3504%
Norfolk State University$6,227$1,44123%
Radford University$7,694$1,07714%
Virginia Military Institute$12,328$1,36211%
Virginia State University$6,570$79112%

Federal role

Virginia's two land grant universities, Virginia Tech and Virginia State University, receive federal funding to perform agricultural research and to conduct cooperative extension services.

Virginia opted to not participate in No Child Left Behind federal funding. Virginia filed an application for the first round of federal Race to the Top funding, but finished 31st out of 41 states in the first round, and did not receive funds. On May 26, 2010, Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell withdrew the state from the second round of Race to the Top funding. McDonnell did not believe that Virginia should apply for the second round because he erroneously believed the competition required the use of common education performance standards instead of Virginia's current standards. In fact, the use of common performance standards is not required.[49][50] Although McDonnell supported the Race to the Top program during his campaign for governor,[51] McDonnell later went on to claim that the Race to the Top rules precluded participating states from adopting more rigorous standards in addition to whatever multi-state standards they join.[52][53] However, the "Race to the Top" regulations award the points even if states adopt standards more rigorous than the optional, common standards.[54]

References
  1. "State Education Data Profiles". National Assessment of Educational Progress. 2005. Archived from the original on 2018-09-27. Retrieved December 25, 2007.
  2. Louvouezo, Chloe; Hudnell, Kari (January 14, 2010). "Quality Counts 2010" (PDF). Education Week. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-14. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
  3. "Virginia School Report Card". Virginia Department of Education. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-02-11. Retrieved February 2, 2008.
  4. Glod, Maria (October 9, 2008). "81% Got Diplomas On Time This Year". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  5. Wiley, Sandra, and Marshall, Paxton. "The Virginia Assembly on Policy for Elementary and Secondary Education in Virginia: Issues For the Commonwealth. 1984.
  6. Heatwole, Cornelius. "A History of Education in Virginia". The Macmillan Company. 1916. p. 43
  7. Harlow Unger, Encyclopedia of American Education (Facts on File, 2007) p. 1185.
  8. Thomas Hunt, "MERCER, CHARLES FENTON" in Richard J. Altenbaugh, ed. Historical dictionary of American education (1999) p. 230.
  9. On Jefferson's opposition see Alfred J. Morrison, The beginnings of public education in Virginia, 1776-1860; study of secondary schools in relation to the state Literary fund (1917) pp 34-35.
  10. Buck, J.L. "The Development of Public Schools in Virginia." 1952. p. 17.
  11. Ronald Heinemann, Harry Byrd of Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia 1996) p. 317
  12. "Virginia Education Network - K-12". Archived from the original on 2010-11-28. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
  13. "State Report Cards". Virginia Department of Education. April 2, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-09. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  14. "Virginia Public Schools - By Division". Virginia Department of Education. 2010. Archived from the original on May 3, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  15. Will, George F. (6 June 2010). "Column:the teacher bailout". Washington Post. Washington, DC. pp. A15.
  16. "Governor's School Program". Virginia Department of Education. 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-02-18. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
  17. "VCPE Mission Statement". Virginia Council for Private Education. July 9, 2009. Archived from the original on September 5, 2009. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
  18. "Home-Schooled Students and Religious Exemptions". Virginia Department of Education. February 12, 2010. Archived from the original (XLS) on 2010-03-08. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
  19. "The Top of the Class". Newsweek. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-01-15. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
  20. Anderson, Nick (December 5, 2008). "Thomas Jefferson High School Named Top in Nation". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
  21. Mathews, Jay (December 13, 2007). "Alexandria, Arlington Schools Lead Nation in AP, IB Testing". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 13, 2007.
  22. "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)". Virtual Virginia. VDoE. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  23. "Virtual Virginia: Course Offerings". Virtual Virginia. VDoE. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  24. "Virtual Virginia: Desire2Learn". Virtual Virginia. VDoE. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  25. "Virginia.gov - K-12 Public Schools A - e - Home Page". Archived from the original on 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
  26. "Virginia SOL Assessment Program". Virginia Department of Education. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  27. Kincheloe, Joe, and Weil, Danny. "Standards and Schooling in The United States." ABC Clio Publishing. 2001. p.713-714.
  28. Virginia Department of Education. "Standards of Learning Objectives For Virginia Public Schools." 1984. p. iii.
  29. Winkler, A (2002). "Division in the Ranks: Standardized Testing Draws Lines Between New and Veteran Teachers". Phi Delta Kappan. 84 (3): 219–225. doi:10.1177/003172170208400310. S2CID 143439410.
  30. Berube, C (2004). "Are Standards Preventing Good Teaching". Clearing House. 77 (6): 264–267. doi:10.3200/tchs.77.6.264-268. S2CID 145769282.
  31. Crum, K; Hellman, G (2009). "School Board Decision Making in the Era of No Child Left Behind". Educational Planning. 18 (1): 11–25.
  32. "Virginia Standards of Learning and the No Child Left Behind Act". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  33. "Accountability and Virginia Public Schools" (PDF). Virginia Beach City Public Schools. Virginia Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  34. Jolly, J; Makel, M (2010). "No Child Left Behind, The Inadvertent Costs for High-Achieving and Gifted Students". Childhood Education. Fall 2010: 35–40. doi:10.1080/00094056.2010.10521436. S2CID 153490100.
  35. Berman, S (2004). "NCLB Supplants Our Greatest Teaching Task Since 9/11". Education Digest. 70 (2): 8–14.
  36. "Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville". UNESCO. October 15, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  37. "College Navigator — Search Results". National Center for Education Statistics. United States Department of Education. 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
  38. "2022-2023 Best Colleges in Virginia". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 2023-03-13. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  39. "Top Public National Universities 2009". U.S. News & World Report. 2008. Archived from the original on August 26, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
  40. "History & Traditions". College of William and Mary. 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008.
  41. "JMU Holds Top Public Regional Rank for 14th Year in 'U.S. News' Survey". James Madison University. August 17, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
  42. "Rankings - Fine Arts - Graduate Schools - Education - U.S. News & World Report". Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
  43. Conley, Jay (August 12, 2007). "'Just like the guys': A decade of women at VMI". The Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2008.
  44. Conley, Jay (August 22, 2008). "HVMI retains U.S. News' rank as No. 3". The Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
  45. "2008–2009 Fall Headcount Enrollment". State Council of Higher Education for Virginia. 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2009.
  46. "Fast Facts". Virginia’s Community Colleges. 2008. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
  47. de Vise, Daniel (October 24, 2010). "Athletic fees are a large, and sometimes hidden, cost at colleges". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-08-29.
  48. "Public university athletic fees in Maryland and Virginia". The Washington Post. October 24, 2010. Retrieved 2014-08-29.
  49. Nick Anderson and Rosalind Helderman (May 27, 2010). "Virginia Withdraws from Obama's Race to the Top". Washington Post. p. B4.
  50. "Race to the Top Program Guidance and Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). US Department of Education. May 27, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-26. Retrieved 2010-06-11. Race to the Top does not endorse any particular consortium or set of standards. Criterion (B)(1) specifies characteristics of consortia and standards that earn States points under this criterion.
  51. Kumar, Anita (June 1, 2010). "McDonnell on MSNBC: Race to the Top too burdensome". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  52. Garofalo, Pat (June 1, 2010). "McDonnell Falsely Claims That Race To The Top Would Force Virginia To Lower Its Academic Standards". ThinkProgress. Archived from the original on 2013-10-27. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
  53. Meola, Olympia (2010-06-01). "McDonnell on MSNBC: Race to the Top would bring "burdensome" federal standards". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on 2010-12-18. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
  54. "Overview Information: Race to the Top Fund". United States Department of Education. Federal Register. November 18, 2009. Archived from the original on March 9, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-11. A State may supplement the common standards with additional standards, provided that the additional standards do not exceed 15 percent of the State's total standards for that content area.

Further reading
  • Buck, J.L. The Development of Public Schools in Virginia (1952) 570 pages.
  • Egerton, Douglas R. "To the Tombs of the Capulets: Charles Fenton Mercer and Public Education in Virginia, 1816-1817." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 93.2 (1985): 155-174.
  • Harlan, Louis R. Separate and unequal: Public school campaigns and racism in the southern seaboard states, 1901-1915 (1958) online pp. 135–169.
  • Heatwole, Cornelius. "A History of Education in Virginia". The Macmillan Company. 1916. p. 43
  • Hunt, Thomas C. "Popular education in Nineteeth-century Virginia: The efforts of Charles Fenton Mercer," Peadegogica Historica 21.2 (1981): 337-346.
  • Kincheloe, Joe, and Weil, Danny. "Standards and Schooling in The United States." ABC Clio Publishing. 2001. p. 713-714.
  • Morrison, Alfred J. The beginnings of public education in Virginia, 1776-1860; study of secondary schools in relation to the state Literary fund (1917) with many primary documents online
  • Unger, Harlow. "Encyclopedia of American Education." Facts on File Publishing. 2007.
  • Virginia Department of Education. "Standards of Learning Objectives For Virginia Public Schools." 1984. p. iii.
  • Wiley, Sandra, and Marshall, Paxton. "The Virginia Assembly on Policy for Elementary and Secondary Education in Virginia: Issues For the Commonwealth. 1984.
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