Heterocarpus

Heterocarpus is a genus of deep-sea shrimp, mainly of tropical areas all over the world.

Heterocarpus
Heterocarpus ensifer
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Crustacea
Class:
Malacostraca
Order:
Decapoda
Infraorder:
Caridea
Family:
Pandalidae
Genus:
Heterocarpus

Type species
Heterocarpus ensifer
A. Milne-Edwards, 1881

Description

Heterocarpus is characterised by the highly unequal second pair of pereiopods: one side is long and thin and the other is short but stronger, besides the carapace with one or more longitudinal carinae.[1][2]

Species

So far, 30 species have been described for this genus, Heterocarpus ensifer being the type species. The described species of this genus are:

  • Heterocarpus abulbus Yang, Chan & Chu, 2010
  • Heterocarpus affins Faxon, 1893
  • Heterocarpus alexandri A. Milne-Edwards, 1883
  • Heterocarpus amacula Crosnier, 1988
  • Heterocarpus calmani Crosnier, 1988
  • Heterocarpus chani Li, 2006
  • Heterocarpus corona Yang, Chan & Chu, 2010
  • Heterocarpus cutressi Monterossa, 1988
  • Heterocarpus dorsalis Bate, 1888
  • Heterocarpus ensifer A. Milne-Edwards, 1881
  • Heterocarpus inopinatus Tavares, 1999
  • Heterocarpus intermedius Crosnier, 1999
  • Heterocarpus gibbosus Bate, 1888
  • Heterocarpus grimaldii A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1900
  • Heterocarpus hayashii Crosnier, 1988
  • Heterocarpus hostilis Faxon, 1893
  • Heterocarpus laevigatus Bate, 1888
  • Heterocarpus lepidus De Man, 1917
  • Heterocarpus longirostris McGilchrist, 1905
  • Heterocarpus neisi Burukovsky, 1986
  • Heterocarpus oryx A. Milne-Edwards, 1881
  • Heterocarpus parvispina Crosnier, 1988
  • Heterocarpus reedi Bahamondi, 1955
  • Heterocarpus sibogae De Man, 1917
  • Heterocarpus signatus Rathbun, 1906
  • Heterocarpus tenuidentatus Crosnier, 2006
  • Heterocarpus tricarinatus Alcock & Anderson, 1894
  • Heterocarpus unicarinatus Borradeile, 1915
  • Heterocarpus woodmasoni Alcock, 1901
  • Heterocarpus vicarius Faxon, 1893

Ecology
Heterocarpus ensifer close-up and after "vomiting" or "spitting" bioluminescent fluid.

Many Heterocarpus shrimp are known for using bioluminescence as a defense, spitting it on predators.[3] Studies about their feeding habits,[4] and the fact that they may be found in the stomach contents of some pelagic sharks[5] and other fishes[6] is interpreted as they have benthic habits, but they do migrations to the water column at night. Some species of this genus have high fishery potential, such as H. reedi [7] and H. laevigatus.[8]

References
  1. Fenner A. Chace, Jr. (1985). "The Caridean Shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907–1910, Part 3: Families Thalassocarididae and Pandalidae". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 411 (411): 1–143. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.411.
  2. Alain Crosnier (1988). "Sur les Heterocarpus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pandalidae) du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien. Remarques sur d'autres espèces ouest-pacifiques du genre et description de quatre taxa nouveaux". Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. 4ème série. 10 (A 1): 57–103. doi:10.5962/p.287497. S2CID 133303744.
  3. B. K. K. Chan; I. C. Lin; T. W. Shih; T. Y. Chan (2008). "Bioluminescent emissions of the deep-water pandalid shrimp, Heterocarpus sibogae De Man, 1917 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) under laboratory conditions". Crustaceana. 81 (3): 341–350. doi:10.1163/156854008783564064.
  4. S. F. Rainer (1992). "Diet of prawns from the continental slope of north-western Australia". Bulletin of Marine Science. 50 (2): 258–274.
  5. Teodoro Vaske Júnior; Carolus Maria Vooren; Rosangela Paula Lessa (2009). "Feeding strategy of the night shark (Carcharhinus signatus) and the scalloped hammershark (Sphyruna lewini) near seamounts off northeastern Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Oceanography. 57 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1590/S1679-87592009000200002.
  6. M. G. King (1984). "The species and depth distribution of deepwater caridean shrimps (Decapoda, Caridea) near some Southwest Pacific islands". Crustaceana. 47 (2): 174–191. doi:10.1163/156854084X00405. JSTOR 20103973. S2CID 84728160.
  7. P. E. Pérez (2007). "An economic analysis of the Heterocarpus reedi and Cervimunida johni fisheries off northern-central Chile, from 1997 to 2000". Investigaciones Marinas. 35 (2): 45–52. doi:10.4067/S0717-71782007000200005.
  8. Stephen Ralston (1986). "An intensive fishing experiment for the caridean shrimp, Heterocarpus laevigatus, at Alamagan Island in the Mariana archipelago" (PDF). Fishery Bulletin. 84 (4): 927–934.
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