Hemimastigophora

Hemimastigophora is a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms including the Spironemidae, first identified in 1988.[2][1][3] Over the next 30 years, different authors proposed placing these organisms in various branches of the eukaryotes.[1][4] In 2018 Lax et al. reported the first genetic information for Spironemidae, and suggest that they are from an ancient lineage of eukaryotes which constitute a separate clade from all other eukaryotic kingdoms.[3][4] It is potentially related to the Telonemia.[5]

Hemimastigophora
Hemimastix amphikineta, redrawn from Foissner et al., 1988
Hemimastix amphikineta, redrawn from Foissner et al., 1988[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Hemimastigophora
Foissner, Blatterer, & Foissner 1988, sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993[2]: 379 
Classes, orders, families and genera

History of classification
One hypothesis of eukaryotic relationships that classifies Hemimastigophora (red branch at right) as a supra-kingdom group.

Hemimastigophora was established in 1988 by Foissner et al., as a new phylum with a single family, Spironemidae.[2] Its placement on the eukaryote tree of life was unclear, but the authors suggested that the structure of its pellicle and cell nucleus indicated a close relationship with Euglenozoa.[1] For 30 years after the description of the group, no genetic information was available. During that time, researchers proposed that it should be classified in, or near, an assortment of other groups, including the alveolates, apusomonads, ancyromonads, and Rhizaria.[3][4]

In an article published in 2018, Lax et al. announced that a new hemimastigophoran species, Hemimastix kukwesjijk, had been discovered in a Nova Scotian soil sample, and successfully cultivated in the laboratory. A second hemimastigophoran, a new species of Spironema, was found in the same sample. Phylogenomic analyses of the two organisms suggest that Hemimastigophora is a very ancient lineage, which diverged from the other eukaryotes at such an early date that the group should be classified at the supra-kingdom level.[3][4]

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References
  1. Foissner, Ilse; Foissner, Wilhelm (1993). "Revision of the family Spironemidae Doflein (Protista, Hemimastigophora), with description of two new species, Spironema terricola n. sp. and Stereonema geiseri n. g., n. sp" (PDF). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (4): 422–438. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04936.x. S2CID 85124745.
  2. Foissner, Wilhelm; Blatterer, H.; Foissner, Ilse (1988). "The Hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum from gondwanian soils". European Journal of Protistology. 23 (4): 361–383. doi:10.1016/s0932-4739(88)80027-0. PMID 23195325.
  3. Lax, Gordon; Eglit, Yana; Eme, Laura; Bertrand, Erin M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (14 November 2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564 (7736): 410–414. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..410L. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0708-8. PMID 30429611. S2CID 205570993.
  4. Lambert, Jonathan (11 December 2018). "What a newfound kingdom means for the tree of life". Quanta Magazine. Abstractions Blog.
  5. Tice, Alexander K.; Žihala, David; Pánek, Tomáš; Jones, Robert E.; Salomaki, Eric D.; Nenarokov, Serafim; Burki, Fabien; Eliáš, Marek; Eme, Laura; Roger, Andrew J.; Rokas, Antonis (2021-08-06). "PhyloFisher: A phylogenomic package for resolving eukaryotic relationships". PLOS Biology. 19 (8): e3001365. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001365. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 8345874. PMID 34358228.
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