Haukr Erlendsson

Haukr or Hauk Erlendsson (died 1334; Modern Icelandic: Haukur Erlendsson [ˈhœyːkʏr ˈɛrˌlɛn(t)sˌsɔːn]) was lawspeaker (lawman) of Iceland, later lawspeaker and knight of Norway, known for having compiled a number of Icelandic sagas and other materials mostly in his own hand, bound in a book called the Hauksbók after him.

This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Hauk.

Life

Hauk was born the son of Erlend Olafsson the Strong aka Erlend digre "the fat," who died 1312.[1][2][lower-alpha 1] The year of Haukr's birth is not known,[3] but his mother's name was Jorunn (Old Norse: Jórunn),[4] whose ancestry is traceable to a brother of King Halfr of Hordaland, hero of Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka.[5][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]

Hauk may have been an illegitimate offspring,[3] although the question of whether his mother was Erlend's "first wife or mistress" is an open speculation.[6] At any rate it is clear Hauk had a stepmother at some point, since Jarngerd (Old Norse: Járngerðr) is called Erlend's wife in the Landnamabók[7] and this Jarngerd was beyond doubt the wife who survived Erlend's death in 1312.[2] Hauk also had a half-sister named Valgerd, born to Jarngerd.

Hauk married Steinunn, a descendant of Hrafn Sveinbjornsson.[8][lower-alpha 4]

Hauk's father Erlend became lawspeaker (lögmaðr) of Iceland in 1287, went overseas in 1289, retired as lawspeaker and was awarded the Westfjords in 1290 or 1292 according to some sources.[9] Somewhere along, though not in his early years, Hauk was educated abroad in Norway, where "he owes his whole education".[3]

Like his father before him, Hauk became lawspeaker of Iceland no later than 1294,[3] serving the post until 1299.[1] Around 1301 he arrived in Norway, and served from 1303 to 1322 as lawspeaker (Norwegian: lagmann) in Oslo and on the Gula Thing.[1] Sometime after 1303, he is mentioned as being on the king's council.[1] He was also one of the men who ruled to recognize Magnus IV of Sweden as king over Norway.[1]

During this period, lawmen may or may not be conferred the title of herra (at least those in Iceland),[10] at any rate, Hauk serving in Norway is addressed as "herra" in a 1309 letter,[11] and in a letter dating from 1311, he is called "the lawspeaker of the Gula Thing and knight."[12]

Works

The Hauksbók is a compilation that includes Icelandic sagas and a redaction of the Landnámabók, as well as an arithmetical treatise called the Algorismus. Among the sagas included is a version of Eiríks saga rauða, which includes the accounts of the exploration and the attempted colonization in the American continent by Thorfinn Karlsefni, whom Hauk counts as one of his ancestors. He also penned "Hauk's Annals," which chronicled the events of his lifetime.[3]

Family tree

The following stemma is drawn from the genealogy appended to the last chapter of Eiríks saga rauða in Hauk's own recension (in the Hauksbók, supplemented with additional information from the Landnámabók).

Thorir of Espihill
Thorvald Hook[† 1]Thorfinn Karlsefni
Grundar-KetilSnorri Karlsefnisson
EinarSteinunn
Thorstein the Unjust[† 2]
Jorund of KeldurGudrun
Bjarni Bjarnason[† 3]Halla
Flosi the priest[† 4]Ragnhild[† 4]
Olaf(?)[14][15]Valgerd Flosadottir
Erlend the StrongJorunn[† 5]
Hauk the Lawman
  1. Þorvaldr krók
  2. Þorsteinn ranglátr; also in Landnamabók, Part III, Ch. X and translated as "Thorstein Wrongdoer" (Ellwood 1898, , p.136)
  3. Landnamabók, Part V, Ch. VII (Islandinga sögur, Vol. 1, p.295; Ellwood 1898, p. 202)
  4. Landnamabók, Part IV, Ch. I (Islandinga sögur, Vol. 1, p.240; Ellwood 1898, p. 165)
  5. Landnamabók, Part II, Ch. XIX (Islandinga sögur, Vol. 1, p.138; Ellwood 1898, p. 86)

Footnotes

Explanatory notes
  1. "Erlendur digre" occurs in a letter by Bishop Árni Þorláksson of Skálholt dated 1286, Diplomatarium islandicum, Vol. II, p.136-7. Cf. Jón Sigurðsson; Guðbrandur Vigfússon, eds. (1858). Biskupa Sögur. Vol. 1. Kaupmannahöfn: S.L. Möller. p. 755., whose index clarifies this refers to Erlendur Ólafsson sterki
  2. Hogni the White given in Landnámabók Part II, Ch. XIX as the forebear of Hauk Erelendson's mother was the grandson of Otrygg, brother of King Halfr according to an earlier passage (Landnámabók Part II, Ch. XIX Ellwood 1898, pp. 74)
  3. As an aside, Hogni the White had one son Eirek (from whom Haukr is descended), and another son Ulf the Squinter (Úlfr inn skjálgr), who accompanied his kinsman Geirrid son of Geirmund Hellskin, son of Hjor, son of Half into Iceland. Ulf the Squinter's son Jorunn had a daughter Thjodhild who became the wife of Erik the Red. (Landnámabók Part II, Ch. XIX, loc. cit. and Ch. XXII, Ellwood 1898, pp. 81–82) Thus Hauk was also distantly (not directly) related to Leif Eiriksson.
  4. Guðbrandur Vigfússon 1878, Sturlunga saga, p. clxi says the wife was the granddaughter of Hrafn Sveinbiornsson, but according to Landnamabok Part V, Ch. IX, the Steinunn who was Rafn (Hrafn)'s granddaughter was a great aunt of the Steinunn who married Hauk Erlendsson. i.e., the Steinunn in question was Hrafn's great-great-grandfather.

Citations
  1. Överland, O. A. (Ole Andreas) [in Norwegian] (1909). Haukr Erlendsson (Runeberg). pp. 96–. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  2. Editors' preface to the maldage (oral contract or bequest made by Jarngerd) to Neskirkja, i.e. the Church of Mary in Nesi í Selvogi, Iceland (in the former Selvogshreppur, Árnessýsla county, now part of Þorlákshöfn, Municipality of Ölfus). From manuscript AM 263., fol., f.55 (written down 1598), in: Diplomatarium islandicum, Vol. II, p. 377.
  3. Guðbrandur Vigfússon, ed. (1878). Sturlunga saga: including the Islendinga saga of Lawman Sturla. Vol. 1. Clarendon Press. p. clxi. we know who his mother, father, and grandmother were, his birth-year is not known... A son of Lawman Erlend the Strong, by Jorun, and base born...etc.
  4. Landnámabók Part II, Ch. XIX (Islandinga sögur, Vol. 1, p. 138; Ellwood 1898, p. 86). Hogni the White had a son Eirek — Geirleif — Oddleif — Gest. Gest's daughter Halla's son Thorgils seems to have married Gest's daughter Thorey, and followed by the line: Thorarin — Jodis (daughter) — Illugi — Eyvind — Steingrim — Helga — Jorun — Hauk)
  5. Munch 1847, p. 172
  6. Perkins, Richard (1978), Flóamanna Saga, Gaulverjabær and Haukr Erlendsson (snippet), Íslenzk fræði (Studia Islandica), vol. 36, Bókaútgáfa Menningarsjósðs, p. 36, Jorunn's home (whether she was Erlendr's first wife or mistress)
  7. Jarngerd, descended from Egil Skallagrimsson, married to Erelend in: Landnámabók Part II, Ch. IV (Islandinga sögur, Vol. 1, p. 76n; however, this tract is not appended to Ch. IV in the Ellwood 1898) translation)
  8. Landnamabók, Part III, Ch. XXV: Steinunn, er Haukr Erlendson átti" (Islandinga sögur, Vol. 1, p.105) ; "Steinun, whom Hawk the son of Erlend had for wife." (Ellwood 1898, p. 85)
  9. Dateline under Addendum II "Viðrauki Melabókar ennar ýngri", Islandinga sögur, Vol. 1, p.340
  10. Wærdahl 2011, pp. 194–5
  11. September 1309 ì Björgvin, Diplomatarium islandicum, Vol. II, p. 367.
  12. 12. Januar 1311 ì　Björgvin, quote: "Haukr Erlendzson Gulaþings logmaðr riddari", Diplomatarium islandicum, Vol. II, p. 372.
  13. Letter, 2. Juni 1294 Diplomatarium islandicum, Vol. II, p. 281. The letter reads "herra Ællender stærki", but index lists it as an occurrence of "herra Erlendr Ólafsson sterki".
  14. Erlend's patronymic given as "Erlendr Ólafsson sterki" in the Index to Diplomatarium islandicum, Vol. II, p. 951[13]
  15. Guðbrandur Vigfússon had noted the grandfather was not known.[3]

References
Landnámabók
Documentary sources
Studies


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