Haast's eagle

Haast's eagle (Hieraaetus moorei) is an extinct species of eagle that lived in the South Island of New Zealand, commonly accepted to be the pouakai of Māori legend.[2] It was the largest eagle known to have existed, with an estimated weight of 15 kilograms (33 pounds), compared to the next-largest and extant 9 kg (20 lb) harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja).[3] Its massive size is explained as an evolutionary response to the size of its prey, the flightless moa, the largest of which could weigh 230 kg (510 lb).[4] Haast's eagle became extinct around 1400, following the arrival of the Māori, who outcompeted it for its moa prey.[5]

Haast's eagle
Temporal range: Pleistocene to Late Holocene
Skull at the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch

Extinct (~1400) (NZ TCS)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Hieraaetus
Species:
†H. moorei
Binomial name
†Hieraaetus moorei
(Haast, 1872)
Synonyms
  • Aquila moorei Haast, 1872
  • Harpagornis moorei Haast, 1872

Taxonomy

Haast's eagle was first described by Julius von Haast in 1871 from remains discovered by the Canterbury Museum taxidermist, Frederick Richardson Fuller,[6] in a former marsh.[7] Haast named the eagle Harpagornis moorei after George Henry Moore, the owner of the Glenmark Estate, where the bones of the bird were found.[8] The genus name was from the Greek harpax, meaning "grappling hook", and ornis, meaning "bird".[9]

DNA analysis later showed that this bird is related most closely to the much smaller little eagle (Hieraaetus morphnoides) as well as the booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) and not, as previously thought, to the large wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax).[10] Harpagornis moorei was therefore reclassified as Hieraaetus moorei.[9]

H. moorei is estimated to have diverged from these smaller eagles as recently as 1.8 million to 700,000 years ago. If this estimate is correct, its increase in weight by ten to fifteen times is an exceptionally rapid weight increase. The suggested increase in the average weight of Haast's eagle over that period would therefore represent the largest, fastest evolutionary increase in average weight of any known vertebrate species. This was made possible in part by the presence of large prey and the absence of competition from other large predators, an example of ecological release and island gigantism.[11] A recent mitochondrial DNA study found it to be more closely related to the little eagle than the booted eagle, with an estimated divergence from the little eagle around 2.2 million years ago.[3] It was placed in the genus Aquila by recent taxonomists.

Description
Haast's eagle attacking moa by John Megahan

Haast's eagle was one of the largest known true raptors.[12] In length and weight, it was even larger than the largest living vultures. Another giant eagle more recently and scantily described from the fossil record, the Cuban Amplibuteo woodwardi, rivaled the Haast's in at least the aspect of total length.[13] Female eagles were significantly larger than males. Most estimates place the female Haast's eagles in the range of 10–15 kg (22–33 lb) and males around 9–12 kg (20–26 lb).[14]

A comparison with living eagles of the Australasian region resulted in estimated masses in Haast's eagles of 11.5 kg (25 lb) for males and 14 kg (31 lb) for females.[14] One source estimates that the largest females could have weighed more than 16.5 kg (36 lb).[15] The largest extant eagles, none of which are verified to exceed 9 kg (20 lb) in a wild state, are about forty percent smaller in body size than Haast's eagles.[16]

Foot bones of Haast's eagle (top) and those of its closest living relative, the little eagle.

It had a relatively short wingspan for its size. It is estimated that the grown female typically spanned up to 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in), possibly up to 3 m (10 ft) in a few cases.[17][18] This wingspan is broadly similar to the larger range of female size in some extant eagles: the wedge-tailed eagle, golden eagle (A. chrysaetos), martial eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus), white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and Steller's sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) are all known to exceed 2.5 m in wingspan. Several of the largest extant Old World vultures, if not in mean mass or other linear measurements, probably exceed Haast's eagle in average wingspan as well.[16][19]

Haast's eagle's relatively short wingspan has sometimes led it to being incorrectly portrayed as having evolved toward flightlessness, even though evidence strongly suggests that it flew. Instead, its short and broad wings represents an evolutionary departure from the mode of its ancestors' soaring flight in favor of navigating through a crowded woodland environment. Haast's eagles are likely to have hunted within the dense scrubland and forests of New Zealand.[20]

Some wing and leg remains of Haast's eagles permit direct comparison with living eagles. The harpy eagle, the Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi), and the Steller's sea eagle are the largest and most powerful living eagles, and the first two also have a similarly reduced relative wing-length as an adaptation to forest-dwelling.[16] A lower mandible from the Haast's eagle measured 11.4 cm (4+1⁄2 in) and the tarsus in several Haast's eagle fossils has been measured from 22.7 to 24.9 cm (8+15⁄16 to 9+13⁄16 in).[21] In comparison, the largest beaks of eagles today (from the Philippine and the Steller's sea eagle) reach a little more than 7 cm (3 in); and the longest tarsal measurements (from the Philippine and the Papuan eagle, Harpyopsis novaeguineae) top out around 14 cm (5+1⁄2 in).[19][22][23]

The talons of the Haast's eagle were similar in length to those of the harpy eagle, with a front-left talon length of 4.9 to 6.15 cm (1+15⁄16 to 2+7⁄16 in) and a hallux-claw of possibly up to 11 cm (4+1⁄2 in).[15] The Philippine eagle might be a particularly appropriate living species to compare with the Haast's eagle, because it too evolved in an insular environment from smaller ancestors (apparently basal snake eagles) to island gigantism in the absence of large carnivorous mammals and other competing predators.[24] The eagle's talons are similar to modern eagles, suggesting that it used its talons for hunting and not scavenging.[25]

The strong legs and massive flight muscles of these eagles would have enabled the birds to take off with a jumping start from the ground, despite their great weight.[12] The tail was almost certainly long, in excess of 50 cm (20 in) in female specimens, and very broad. This characteristic would compensate for the reduction in wing area by providing additional lift.[14] Total length is estimated to have been up to 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) in females, with a standing height of approximately 90 cm (2 ft 11 in) tall or perhaps slightly greater.[15]

Cave art depicts the Haast's eagle with a pale head. Combined with its vulture-like feeding behaviour, this might suggest it had a bald head, or had shorter feathers on its head than elsewhere on its body.[26] However, this is uncertain; the bald heads of vultures appear to have evolved at least partly for thermoregulatory purposes,[27] and scavenging birds in colder climates such as the southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus) often have fully feathered heads. As an inhabitant of a cool temperate forest, Haast's eagle would have had less need for thermoregulation than a large tropical vulture.

Behaviour
A model on display at Te Papa of a Haast's eagle attacking a moa with its large talons.

The Haast's eagle preyed on large, flightless bird species, including the moa, which was up to fifteen times the weight of the eagle.[14] Its large beak also could be used to rip into the internal organs of its prey[12] and death then would have been caused by blood loss. Due to the absence of other large predators or kleptoparasites, a Haast's eagle could easily have monopolised a single large kill over a number of days.[2]

A 2021 analysis showed that, while predatory, the bill of the Haast's eagle was functionally closer to that of the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) than to that of other eagles. This suggests that it deployed feeding tactics more similar to those of vultures after making a kill, plunging its head into the body cavity to devour the vital organs of its prey. This may have been an adaptation as a result of the bird hunting animals much larger than itself.[28]

Extinction

Until recent human colonisation that introduced rodents and cats, the only placental land mammals found on the islands of New Zealand were three species of bat. Birds occupied or dominated all major niches in the New Zealand animal ecology. Moa were grazers, functionally similar to deer or cattle in other habitats, and Haast's eagles were the hunters who filled the same niche as top-niche mammalian predators, such as bears, big cats, or wolves.

One study estimated the total population of Haast's eagle at 3,000 to 4,500 breeding pairs.[9] Early human settlers in New Zealand (the ancestors of the Māori people arrived around the year 1280) preyed heavily on large flightless birds, including all moa species, eventually hunting them to extinction by around 1400.[5] Both eagles and Māori probably competed for the same foods.[12] Unlike humans, eagles were probably highly dependent on medium and large-sized flightless birds. The loss of its primary prey caused the Haast's eagle to become extinct at about the same time.[12]

Relationship with humans
An eagle statue on Macraes Flat

Some believe that these birds are described in many legends of the Māori, under the names pouakai, hokioi, or hakawai.[29] According to an account given to Sir George Grey, an early governor of New Zealand, Hokioi were huge black-and-white birds with a red crest and yellow-green tinged wingtips. In some Māori legends, Pouakai kill humans, which scientists believe could have been possible if the name relates to the eagle, given the massive size and strength of the bird.[29] Even smaller golden eagles are capable of killing prey as big as sika deer or a bear cub.[30] However, it has also been argued that the "hakawai" and "hokioi" legends refer to the Coenocorypha snipe—in particular the extinct South Island species.[31]

Artwork depicting Haast's eagle now may be viewed at OceanaGold's Heritage and Art Park at Macraes, Otago, New Zealand. The sculpture, weighing approximately 750 kg (1,650 lb), standing 7.5 metres (25 ft) tall, and depicted with a wingspan of 11.5 metres (38 ft) is constructed from stainless steel tube and sheet and was designed and constructed by Mark Hill, a sculptor from Arrowtown, New Zealand.[32]

See also

References
  1. "Aquila moorei". nztcs.org.nz. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  2. Giant eagle (Aquila moorei), Haast's eagle, or Pouakai. Museum of New Zealand: Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  3. Knapp, Michael; Thomas, Jessica E.; Haile, James; Prost, Stefan; Ho, Simon Y.W.; Dussex, Nicolas; Cameron-Christie, Sophia; Kardailsky, Olga; Barnett, Ross; Bunce, Michael; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (May 2019). "Mitogenomic evidence of close relationships between New Zealand's extinct giant raptors and small-sized Australian sister-taxa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 134: 122–128. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.026. PMID 30753886. S2CID 73420145.
  4. Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003)
  5. Perry, George L.W.; Wheeler, Andrew B.; Wood, Jamie R.; Wilmshurst, Janet M. (1 December 2014). "A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 105: 126–135. Bibcode:2014QSRv..105..126P. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025.
  6. Holdaway, Richard (October–December 1989). "Terror Of The Forest". Notornis. New Zealand Geographic (4). Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  7. Tudge, Colin (6 August 2009). The Secret Life of Birds: Who they are and what they do. Penguin Books Limited. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-14-196210-8.
  8. Haast, Julius (1872). "Notes on Harpagornis Moorei, an Extinct Gigantic Bird of Prey, containing Discussion of Femur, Ungual Phalanges and Rib". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 4: 193–196.
  9. Evans, Kate (November 2018). "Return of the Lost Birds". New Zealand Geographic (154): 30. ISSN 0113-9967.
  10. Bunce, M.; Szulkin, Marta; Lerner, Heather R. L.; Barnes, Ian; Shapiro, Beth; Cooper, Alan; Holdaway, Richard N. (2005). "Ancient DNA Provides New Insights into the Evolutionary History of New Zealand's Extinct Giant Eagle". PLOS Biology. 3 (1): e9. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030009. PMC 539324. PMID 15660162.
  11. "Ancient DNA Tells Story of Giant Eagle Evolution". PLOS Biology. 3 (1): e20. 4 January 2005. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030020. PMC 539337.
  12. Tennyson, A.; Martinson, P. (2006). Extinct Birds of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. ISBN 978-0-909010-21-8.
  13. Suarez, W. (2004). "The identity of the fossil raptor of the genus Amplibuteo (Aves: Accipitridae) from the Quaternary of Cuba" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 40 (1): 120–125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  14. Brathwaite, D. H. (December 1992). "Notes on the weight, flying ability, habitat, and prey of Haast's Eagle (Harpagornis moorei)" (PDF). Notornis. Ornithological Society of New Zealand. 39 (4): 239–247. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  15. Worthy, T. & Holdaway, R., The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press (2003), ISBN 978-0253340344
  16. Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  17. Maas, P. "Recently Extinct Animals - Species Info - Haast's Eagle". The Sixth Extinction. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  18. "Haast's Eagle". Paleobiology and Biodiversity Research Group. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  19. Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-8026-1.
  20. "Haast's eagle, New Zealand giant eagle". BBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  21. Hamilton, A. (1888). "On Avian Remains in Southland". Transactions of the New Zealand Institute.
  22. Ladyguin, Alexander (2000). The morphology of the bill apparatus in the Steller's Sea Eagle. First Symposium on Steller's and White-tailed Sea Eagles in East Asia pp. 1–10; Ueta, M. & McGrady, M.J. (eds.) Wild Bird Society of Japan
  23. Blas R. Tabaranza Jr. (9 March 2008). "Haribon – Ha ring mga Ibon, King of Birds". Haring Ibon's Flight…. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  24. Lerner, Heather R.L.; Mindell, David P. (November 2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 327–346. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010. PMID 15925523.
  25. "Haast's Eagle research points to bird being carnivorous predator". Radio New Zealand. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  26. van Heteren, A. H.; Wroe, S.; Tsang, L. R.; Mitchell, D. R.; Ross, P.; Ledogar, J. A.; Attard, M. R. G.; Sustaita, D.; Clausen, P.; Scofield, R. P.; Sansalone, G. (8 December 2021). "New Zealand's extinct giant raptor (Hieraaetus moorei) killed like an eagle, ate like a condor". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1964): 20211913. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1913. PMC 8634616. PMID 34847767. S2CID 244731381.
  27. Walker, Matt. "Why do vultures have bald heads?". University News. University of Glasgow.
  28. Van Heteren, A. H.; Wroe, S.; Tsang, L. R.; Mitchell, D. R.; Ross, P.; Ledogar, J. A.; Attard, M. R. G.; Sustaita, D.; Clausen, P.; Scofield, R. P.; Sansalone, G. (2021). "New Zealand's extinct giant raptor (Hieraaetus moorei) killed like an eagle, ate like a condor". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1964). doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1913. PMC 8634616. PMID 34847767. S2CID 244731381.
  29. Rodgers, Paul (14 September 2009). "Maori legend of man-eating bird is true". The Independent. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  30. "Golden eagle attacks deer in rare camera trap footage". ZSL Conservation. 26 September 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  31. Miskelly, C. M. (1987). "The identity of the hakawai" (PDF). Notornis. 34 (2): 95–116. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  32. "Giant art sculptures pop up in Otago". New Zealand: 3 News. 20 December 2008. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2009. Lifestyle - Video on Demand text version Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
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