HP 200A

The HP 200A was the first product[1] made by Hewlett-Packard and was manufactured in David Packard's garage in Palo Alto, California.

HP 200A front panel
Insides of the Hewlett-Packard HP 200A. The light bulb repurposed as a positive temperature coefficient resistor is to the right of the upper section of variable capacitor which is itself the large structure in center.

It was a low-distortion audio oscillator used for testing sound equipment. It used the Wien bridge oscillator circuit, that had been the subject of Bill Hewlett's Masters thesis. It was also the first such commercial oscillator to use a simple light bulb as the temperature-dependent resistor in its feedback network.[2] The light bulb was an inexpensive and effective automatic gain control that not only kept the oscillator output amplitude constant, but it also kept the oscillator's loop gain near unity. The latter is a key technique for achieving a low distortion oscillator. Earlier, Larned Meacham had used light bulbs in bridge circuits to stabilize and linearize oscillators in 1938.[3]

The product code was chosen to give the impression that HP was an established company.[4] Walt Disney bought eight of them for use in the production of Fantasia.[5]

The circuit diagram is shown in Hewlett's 1939 patent.[6][7][8]

Specification:[9]
HP 200AHP 200B
Frequency range35 Hz-35 kHz in 3 range
X1: 35-350 Hz
X10: 350-3500 Hz
X100: 3500- 35 000 Hz		20 Hz-20 kHz in 3 range
X1: 20-200 Hz
X10: 200-2000 Hz
X100: 2000- 20 000 Hz
Scale of dialer35-35020-200
Calibration accuracyless than 2%less than 2%
Output power1 W 500 Ω load1 W 500 Ω load
Distortionless than 1% between 35 Hz and 15 kHzless than 1% between 35 Hz and 15 kHz
Output impedanceless than 75Ω under 15 kHzless than 75Ω under 15 kHz
Power voltage115 V 50-60 Hz 60 W115 V 50-60 Hz 60 W

Development

Through the 1940s and into the 1950s, the subsequent versions of the 200A covered different and wider frequency ranges. The latest version was the 200CD;[10] it covered from the subaudio 5 Hz to the low end (Long Wave) of the AM radio band at 600 kilohertz. The 200CD became a ubiquitous audio generator in engineering laboratories worldwide from the 1950s to the 1990s.[11][12]

Operation
Simplified schematic of a Wien bridge oscillator from Hewlett's US patent 2,268,872. Unmarked capacitors have enough capacitance to be considered short circuits at signal frequency. Unmarked resistors are considered to be appropriate values for biasing and loading the vacuum tubes. Node labels and reference designators in this figure are not the same as used in the patent. The vacuum tubes indicated in Hewlett's patent were pentodes rather than the triodes shown here.

William R. Hewlett's Wien bridge oscillator can be considered as a combination of a differential amplifier and a Wien bridge, connected in a positive feedback loop between the amplifier output and differential inputs. At the oscillating frequency, the bridge is almost balanced and has very small transfer ratio. The loop gain is a product of the very high amplifier gain and the very low bridge ratio.[13] In Hewlett's circuit, the amplifier is implemented by two vacuum tubes. The amplifier's inverting input is the cathode of tube V1 and the non-inverting input is the control grid of tube V2. To simplify analysis, all the components other than R1, R2, C1 and C2 can be modeled as a non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 1+Rf/Rb and with a high input impedance. R1, R2, C1 and C2 form a bandpass filter which is connected to provide positive feedback at the frequency of oscillation. Rb self heats and increases the negative feedback which reduces the amplifier gain until the point is reached that there is just enough gain to sustain sinusoidal oscillation without over driving the amplifier. If R1 = R2 and C1 = C2 then at equilibrium Rf/Rb = 2 and the amplifier gain is 3. When the circuit is first energized, the lamp is cold and the gain of the circuit is greater than 3 which ensures start up. The dc bias current of vacuum tube V1 also flows through the lamp. This does not change the principles of the circuit's operation, but it does reduce the amplitude of the output at equilibrium because the bias current provides part of the heating of the lamp.

References
  1. "Hewlett-Packard's First Product: The 200A - HP History".
  2. Gordon Laing (2004), Digital retro, The Ilex Press Ltd, ISBN 9781904705390
  3. Meacham, L. A. (October 1938), "The Bridge Stabilized Oscillator" (PDF), Bell System Technical Journal, 17 (4): 574–591, doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1938.tb00799.x, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-14. Frequency and amplitude stabilization of an oscillator with no tube overloading. Uses tungsten lamp to balance bridge.
  4. Pasiuk, Laurie (2006). Vault guide to the top tech employers. Vault Inc. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-58131-339-0. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  5. "The 200B Oscillator and Disney Fantasound - HP History".
  6. US 2268872, Hewlett, William R., "Variable Frequency Oscillation Generator", published 11 July 1939, issued 6 January 1942
  7. "Variable Frequency Oscillation Generator, US patent 2,268,872" (PDF).
  8. "Model 200A audio oscillator, 1939".
  9. "User manual for Model 200A Audio Oscillator, Serial 30223 and Above" (PDF). July 9, 1951.
  10. "The 200AB and 200CD: Always Improving - HP History".
  11. "Hewlett-Packard HP-200CD audio generator".
  12. "Dating Vintage HP Instruments".
  13. Schilling, Donald; Belove, Charles (1968), Electronic Circuits: Discrete and Integrated, McGraw-Hill, pp. 612–614
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