Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib

Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib is a Sikh place of worship in Dehradun, India, dedicated to Baba Ram Rai, eldest son of Guru Har Rai, the seventh of the ten Sikh Gurus.[1] Baba Ram Rai settled here with his followers in the mid-17th century, after he was banished by the Sikh orthodoxy for mistranslating scripture in front of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, so as to not cause offence. It is believed the city, Dehradun, gets its name from the religious camp established by him: a "dera", or camp, in the "doon" valley.

Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib
An 1858 photograph of Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib taken by Robert Christopher Tytler and Harriet Tyler
Religion
AffiliationRamraiya unorthodox sect of Sikhism
Location
LocationJhanda Mohalla, Dehradun, India
Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib is located in Uttarakhand
Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib
Shown within Uttarakhand
Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib is located in India
Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib
Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib (India)
Geographic coordinates30.3181°N 78.0318°E / 30.3181; 78.0318
Architecture
StyleSikh architecture with influences and motifs from Islamic architecture
Completed1699: Central complex completed
1703–06: Completion of building work
Website
http://www.sgrrdarbar.org/

The building is historically and architecturally significant, as it derives many of its architectural motifs, like minarets, domes and gardens, from Islamic architecture.[2] While Sikh architecture, in general, drew inspiration from Mughal styles, the Darbar Sahib was unique in that it relied more heavily on elements that give it the appearance of a mosque than a conventional gurudwara. This was unusual in the 17th-18th centuries, as at the time Sikhs were generally in conflict with the Muslim rulers of India. The Islamic influence was the result of a cordial relationship between Baba Ram Rai and the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, who provided lands and funds for the site.[3]

History

The temple site was founded by Baba Ram Rai in the mid-17th century after he was banished by the orthodox Sikh sect for mistranslating a word in the Adi Granth in front of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. He replaced the word "Mussalman" with "faithless" to prevent causing offence.[4] The settlement is believed to have given Dehradun its name: a "dera", or camp, in the "Doon" valley.[4] The central complex of the temple was completed in 1699, twelve years after Baba Ram Rai's death, and the complete structural work was finished between 1703 and 1706; embellishment and painting work is thought to have continued long after the structural completion.[5] Mata Panjab Kaur, Baba Ram Rai's wife, oversaw the construction work and managed the affairs of the Darbar till her death in 1741/42.[6]

Architecture

Unusually for a Sikh place of worship, Indo-Islamic architecture defines the main Darbar structure, which is surrounded by a miniature Mughal-style garden.[2] The central mausoleum was inspired by the Tomb of Jahangir.[7]

Wall paintings

The buildings in the complex were once lavishly decorated with Mughal-style wall paintings, which were specimens of rare wall paintings found in Uttarakhand.[8] The paintings have either been lost to successive re-paintings or re-marblings or are in poor shape and in need of preservation.[9] Some paintings date back to the 17th century and are over 300 years old.[8] Between 2004 and 2014, Archaeological Survey of India carried out restoration work on the historic murals.[10]

Jhanda Mela
The new flag being erected during the Jhanda Mela in the temple precincts.

Jhanda Mela, literally "flag fair", is an annual religious fair that takes place in the temple precincts; it is believed to have been held since 1676.[11] The fair marks the arrival of Baba Ram Rai at the site, and starts five days after the festival of Holi and continues till Rama Navami. The symbolic flag is a hundred-feet tall tree trunk wrapped in layers of clothing. During the fair, devotees, who come from across India and abroad, gather in large numbers and replace the previous year's flag in a religious ceremony.[12]

Mahants and Gurus

The head of Darbar Sahib, called Sajjada Nashin Shri Mahant leads a life of celibacy and dedicates his life to the noble cause of society.[13]

  1. Shri Mahant Aud Dass (1687-1741)
  2. Shri Mahant Har Prasad (1741-1766)
  3. Shri Mahant Har Sevak (1766-1818)
  4. Shri Mahant Har Swaroop Dass (1818-1842)
  5. Shri Mahant Preetam Dass (1842-1854)
  6. Shri Mahant Narayan Dass (1854-1885)
  7. Shri Mahant Prayag Dass (1885-1896)
  8. Shri Mahant Lakshman Dass (1896-1945)
  9. Shri Mahant Indiresh Charan Dass (1945-2000)
  10. Shri Mahant Devendra Dass (Since 25 June 2000)

Bibliography
  • Jain, Madhu; Handa, Omacanda. Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand. Pentagon Press. ISBN 9788182744172.
  • Kamboj, B. P. (2003). Early Wall Painting of Garhwal. Indus Publishing. ISBN 9788173871399.

References
  1. Wright, Colin. "No. 12. Temple of Gaaraa Nanule [sic for Baba Ram Rai], Dhera [Dun]". www.bl.uk.
  2. Jain & Handa, p. 37
  3. Jain & Handa, p. 35: "At that time Fateh Shah was reigning in Garhwal. The Emperor Aurangzeb directed him to grant some villages to the Baba in the Doon to provide for his sect and the service at the Dehra."
  4. Jain & Handa, p. 34
  5. Jain & Handa, p. 36
  6. Jain & Handa, pp. 35–36
  7. Dehra Town The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 11, p. 221-223
  8. "Come away for a slice of art at Jhanda fair". 7 March 2017.
  9. Jain & Handa, p. 39
  10. "Facelift for Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib murals | Dehradun News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  11. Pioneer, The. "Historical Jhanda Mela in Doon from today". The Pioneer.
  12. "Pole falls on Jhanda Mela gathering, 8 injured | Dehradun News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  13. "Mahants & Gurus - Darbar Shri Guru Ram Rai Ji Maharaj - Dehradun". www.sgrrdarbar.org. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
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