Greece–Turkey border

Because the refugees entering Europe in 2015 were predominantly from the Middle East, the vast majority first entered the EU by crossing the Aegean Sea from Turkey to Greece by boat; Turkey's land border has been inaccessible to migrants since a border fence was constructed there in 2012.[6] As of June 2015, 124,000 migrants had arrived into Greece, a 750 percent increase from 2014, mainly refugees stemming from the wars in Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Greece appealed to the European Union for assistance, whilst the UNCHR European Director Vincent Cochetel said facilities for migrants on the Greek islands were "totally inadequate" and the islands in "total chaos".[7] Frontex's Operation Poseidon, aimed at patrolling the Aegean Sea, is badly underfunded and undermanned, with only 11 coastal patrol vessels, one ship, two helicopters, two aircraft, and a budget of €18 million.[8] In September 2015, the photos of dead 3-year-old Alan Kurdi, who drowned when he and his family were in a small inflatable boat which capsized shortly after leaving Bodrum trying to reach the Greek island of Kos, made headlines around the world. Konstantinos Vardakis, the top EU diplomat in Baghdad, told The New York Times that at least 250 Iraqis per day had been landing on Greek islands between mid-August and early September 2015.[9]

After the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt Greek authorities on a number of Aegean islands have called for emergency measures to curtail a growing flow of refugees from Turkey, the number of migrants and refugees willing to make the journey across the Aegean has increased noticeably. At Athens, officials voiced worries that Turkish monitors overseeing the deal in Greece had been abruptly pulled out after the failed coup with little sign of them being replaced.[10]

At the start of the 2020 Greek–Turkish border crisis in late February 2020, migrants started to gather at the Greek-Turkish land border after Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that he would no longer "block" refugees and migrants' "access to the border", and opened the border with Greece.[11][12] Turkey's government was also accused of pushing refugees into Europe for political and monetary gain.[13]

During March 2020, the migrants repeatedly tried to cross the border fence but they were blocked by Greek army, police, and small detachments of policemen from Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, and Poland, who defended the fence and resisted the migrants using tear gas. Among those who illegally attempted to cross were individuals from Africa, Iran, Afghanistan, and Syria. Greece responded by refusing to accept asylum applications for a month.[14][15] As migrants tried to breach the border fence using tools, they also set fires, threw stones, and Molotov cocktail firebombs over to the Greek side and there are videos of Turkish security forces in uniform and plain-clothes, firing tear gas at Greek forces and a Turkish armored vehicle attempting to pull down the border fence by tugging on an attached cable.[11][16] Sources also verified that there is an undisclosed detention center that founded by Greek forces for expelling the migrants without any legal process.[17]

On 2 March, Muhammad al-Arab, a Syrian asylum seeker was shot dead on Turkish soil from 15–135 metres (49–443 ft) away. According to an analysis by Forensic Architecture, the victim was shot by Greek soldiers standing at the border.[18] On 4 March, Turkish authorities reported that the Greek border guard used live rounds and injured asylum seekers. Forensic Architecture reviewed the evidence and found that one Pakistani, Muhammad Gulzar, was killed and seven were wounded, and determined that it was "highly probable" that the live rounds came from the Greek side of the border.[19] According to an article by Der Spiegel, it’s "quite possible" that Gulzar was shot accidentally, by a ricochet.[20] The shooting of Gulzar has been dismissed by Greek government spokesmen, as "fake news" spread by the Turkish authorities.[21] There is still no commonly accepted account of what happened on both incidents.[18][19]

By 11 March 2020, 348 people who illegally crossed the borders had been arrested and 44,353 cases of unlawful entry had been prevented.