Gossen's laws

Gossen's laws, named for Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810–1858), are three laws of economics:

• Gossen's First Law is the "law" of diminishing marginal utility: that marginal utilities are diminishing across the ranges relevant to decision-making.
• Gossen's Second Law, which presumes that utility is at least weakly quantified, is that in equilibrium an agent will allocate expenditures so that the ratio of marginal utility to price (marginal cost of acquisition) is equal across all goods and services.

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial U/\partial x_{i}}{p_{i}}}={\frac {\partial U/\partial x_{j}}{p_{j}}}\,\forall \left(i,j\right)}$

where

• ${\displaystyle U}$ is utility
• ${\displaystyle x_{i}}$ is quantity of the ${\displaystyle i}$-th good or service
• ${\displaystyle p_{i}}$ is the price of the ${\displaystyle i}$-th good or service

• Gossen's Third Law is that scarcity is a precondition for economic value.