Giles Beecher Jackson

Giles Beecher Jackson (1853–1924) was an American lawyer, newspaper publisher, entrepreneur, and civil rights activist.[1][2][3] He was the first African-American to practice law before the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1887.[4] Jackson co-authored “The Industrial History of the Negro Race in Virginia” (Virginia Press, 1908).[5]

Giles Beecher Jackson
BornSeptember 10, 1853
Goochland County, Virginia, U.S.
DiedAugust 13, 1924
U.S.
Resting placeEvergreen Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
Other namesGiles B. Jackson
Occupation(s)Lawyer, entrepreneur, newspaper publisher, civil rights activist
Spouse(s)Sarah Wallace (married, 1874–?)

Early life and education

Giles Beecher Jackson was born on August 13, 1853, in Goochland County, Virginia; he was African American and enslaved from birth.[4][6][7]

Jackson moved to Richmond, Virginia after he was freed and worked as a servant.[6] After working as a law clerk for William H. Beveridge in Richmond, Jackson decided to study law.[4] Beveridge tutored him and encouraged his law studies.[1][6][7]

Career
Negro Development & Exposition Co. (1911)
The Negro Development and Exposition Co. (1911) in Jackson Ward

In 1887, Jackson practiced law before the Supreme Court of Virginia, making him the first African American to do so.[1] In 1888, he helped found a bank affiliated with the United Order of True Reformers,[1] an organization that started in Richmond as a temperance group, and expanded to other states into a business and Black fraternal society. In 1900, he became an aide to his mentor, Booker T. Washington, who had recently had founded the Boston National Negro Business League.[1] He owned and edited the Negro Criterion, a weekly newspaper from Richmond.[8][9]

In 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt had awarded Jackson with the title of honorary colonel of the third civic division (an all-Black cavalry unit), with Jackson participating in the presidential inaugural parade along Pennsylvania Avenue.[10]

Starting in 1903, Jackson found the Negro Development and Exposition Company (NDEC) headquartered in Richmond’s Jackson Ward. The NDEC was attempting to capitalize on the display of African American achievements, with the goal of creating the first national museum.[7][4]

Jackson was a leader in the formation of the Negro Department (1907) at the Jamestown Exposition (also known as the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition of 1907), and he had helped fundraise and obtained a grant from the United States Congress.[1][6][11][12] The exhibition had received a mixed reception, with criticisms of the exhibition highlighting Black achievements in order to further enforce racial segregation. Jackson felt having the exhibition in a separate "Negro Building" allowed for a greater variety and completeness of presentation, and that it could better highlight their achievements.[10] The book “The Industrial History of the Negro Race in Virginia” (Virginia Press, 1908) authored by Jackson and Webster was focused on the Negro Building at the Jamestown Exposition and Black achievement.

In 1914, Jackson was appointed as Chief of the Negro Division of the United States Employment Service, an agency that helped find work for unemployed unskilled laborers.[13]

Death and legacy

He died on August 13, 1924, and is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Richmond.

In 2007, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources erected a historical marker in Jackson's honor in the Jackson Ward neighborhood. In 2021, Richmond Mayor Levar Stoney proclaimed April 17 as "Giles B. Jackson Day" for all his accomplishments, and it was awarded on the 150th year anniversary of the historic Jackson Ward neighborhood.[13]

Publications
  • Jackson, Giles B.; Davis, D. Webster (1908). The Industrial History of the Negro Race in Virginia. Virginia Press.

See also

References
  1. Lee, Lauranett L. "Giles B. Jackson (1853–1924)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
  2. Sluby, Patricia Carter (March 15, 2013). "Jackson, Giles Beecher". Oxford African American Studies Center. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.35759. ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
  3. Chiles, Marvin (January 2020). ""Down Where the South Begins": Black Richmond Activism before the Modern Civil Rights Movement, 1899–1930". The Journal of African American History. 105 (1): 56–82. doi:10.1086/705534. ISSN 1548-1867.
  4. Hinz, Eric (2016-09-15). "An Early Attempt to Build a "National Museum for Colored People"". Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. Smithsonian's Lemelson Center. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
  5. Sinclair, Bruce (2004). Technology and the African-American Experience: Needs and Opportunities for Study. MIT Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-262-19504-1.
  6. Washington, Booker T.; Harlan, Louis R. (March 1977). Booker T. Washington Papers Volume 5: 1899-1900. Assistant Editor, Barbara S. Kraft. University of Illinois Press. p. 555. ISBN 978-0-252-00627-2.
  7. Hintz, Eric S. (2021-08-17). American Independent Inventors in an Era of Corporate R&D. MIT Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-262-54258-6.
  8. Stone, Alfred Holt (1906). "The Economic Future of the Negro. The Factor of White Competition". Publications of the American Economic Association. 7 (1): 243–294. ISSN 1049-7498. JSTOR 2999975.
  9. Miner, Claudia (1983). "The 1886 Convention of the Knights of Labor". Phylon. 44 (2): 147–159. doi:10.2307/275026. ISSN 0031-8906. JSTOR 275026.
  10. Gates, Henry Louis; Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks (2008). The African American National Biography: Hacker-Jones, Sarah. Oxford University Press. pp. 440–441. ISBN 978-0-19-516019-2.
  11. Edds, Margaret. "How Jim Crow Codified the Bigotry Already Woven Into the Fabric of Virginia". Style Weekly. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
  12. Ruiter, Brian de. "Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition of 1907". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
  13. "Jackson Ward 150th Anniversary: Mayor Stoney declares April 17th as Giles B. Jackson Day". WRIC ABC 8News. 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2023-01-14.

Further reading
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