Woolstores in Geelong

In 1872, the Denny's Lascelles bluestone Woolstore was constructed. The building's design was a collaboration between architect Jacob Pitman, who designed the basement, and Jonathan Coulson, who designed the rest of the building. The Woolstore had dimensions of 132 x 64 ft.

Windows were incorporated on all sides of the building to allow for well-lit passages between double rows of bales. This design also provided adequate ventilation. The cellar, utilised for the sale of hides and skins, featured a cement floor, and the windows ensured suitable temperatures throughout the year. The show floor, measuring 129 x 61 ft, was a significant element of the building. The walls and ceilings were painted pale grey to control lighting, enabling buyers and growers to inspect products under optimal visibility conditions. The woolstore was positioned on a slight incline, facilitating the loading and unloading of waggons on the ground floor.

The 1872 Woolstore was the first building in Victoria designed to encompass the storage, inspection, and marketing of wool in a single operation. Upon completion, it became the second-largest store in the colony. Over time, extensions were added to the bluestone building, including a mansard tower in 1889, which featured minor variations in detailing.

In 1880, an additional building was erected west of the original structure on Brougham Street. While incorporating elements of the original design, this store was constructed using rendered cement, a material commonly used during that era. The Woolstore was intentionally misaligned with the 1872 facade to create the illusion of a two-story building, although it actually had three stories.

In 1910, a significant extension made of reinforced concrete was added to the original 1872 building. The new store was designed by Edward Giles Stone, known for his innovative design approach that influenced trends into the 1920s. The most notable feature was the bow string truss roof system, consisting of a 55 x 52-metre concrete roof span without intermediate columns. The sawtooth roof trusses, passing through the curved concrete structure, allowed ample natural light to enter the building, enhancing visibility on the new show floor. Despite being listed on several heritage registers, the building, formerly known as the Denny Lascelles Woolstore but later called the Bow Truss Building, was controversially demolished in the 1990s.

Strachan & Co. had a longstanding involvement in the wool industry, dating back to 1840. Their Woolstore complex stands in contrast to the Denny's Lascelles buildings, located adjacent to it.

In 1889, a two-story brick Woolstore was built, featuring a façade with five bays and segmental arch-headed windows. The load-bearing walls of the building were made of red brick and topped with a simple parapet. This design directly influenced the subsequent construction of woolstores within the complex.

In 1896, a three-story section was added to the south of the original building, facing Moorabool Street. In 1925, an additional extension was built to encompass the entire frontage of Moorabool St. and Corio Terrace. The final addition to the complex was completed in 1954.

Although the construction of the complex took place over a period of 65 years, the stylistic features remained consistent. This uniformity gives the group of buildings a cohesive appearance, forming a complete entity despite the extended construction timeline.

The first Dalgety & Co. Woolstore was constructed in 1891, designed by the Geelong architecture firm Laird and Buchan. It was a two-story brick and render building located on Gheringhap Street.

The design of the 1891 Woolstore featured a two-story warehouse and office building without a basement. It had solid brick walls and a timber roof, floor, and structural system. This design served as the model for subsequent woolstores built by Dalgety & Co. on the site. In 1896, an additional floor consisting of a brick show floor was added to the 1891 Woolstore, mimicking the original structure in nearly every aspect.

In 1901, another woolstore was constructed using red brick, similar to Strachan's woolstore. However, its design differed significantly. The north-east side of the Woolstore had small windows, while the façade featured giant arched panels of brickwork, creating a unified appearance. This design closely resembled Woolstores built in Sydney in the late 1890s. The overall form and scale of the store were similar to the 1891 building, but with the addition of a basement.

In 1940, a three-story brick building with a basement was erected at the corner of Gheringhap and Brougham streets. A new façade was constructed along the entire length of Gheringhap Street, resulting in the original exterior of the 1891 building being refaced with red brick. This alteration was consistent with the design of the new Woolstores built in the 1950s and 1960s. The 1940 Woolstore had some distinctive features, including a spacious show floor capable of accommodating 55,000 bales of wool. It incorporated large sliding doors on the west and south facades to allow for ventilation and temperature regulation. The ceiling height was significantly increased, and the use of steel columns and roof trusses reduced the number of columns in the space to a single row of seven in the centre. The sawtooth roof form was retained, but on a larger scale.

Geelong's wool stores played a significant role in the city's development as a commercial centre and supported Victoria's pastoral and agricultural interests, particularly the wool industry. The first Australian wool was sold in London at Garraway’s Coffee House in 1821, where businessmen would gather for auctions of various goods. Between 1830 and 1850, Australian wool exports saw a substantial increase from 892 metric tonnes to 18,791 metric tonnes.

The rapid growth of the wool industry brought wealth to pastoralists and created a need for local spaces to store and sell wool for shipping. In 1840, James Strachan constructed Geelong's first woolstore, and in 1857, Charles Dennys conducted the first wool auction in the city, demonstrating the potential for a local wool trade. The industry's expansion also led to a rapid increase in Geelong's population, transforming the small town into a bustling seaport. Between 1841 and 1843, the population grew from 454 to 2,065.

Initially, the growth of large wool firms in Geelong was limited by available resources. However, by the 1870s, significant investments from British banks and finance companies had greatly supported the industry, solidifying its position as Australia's major export. As a result, numerous expanded wool stores were constructed in Geelong and across the country.

The construction of the Dennys, Lascelles Ltd woolstore in 1872, which now houses the National Wool Museum, serves as a symbol of this economic expansion and represents the popular design employed in the construction of woolstores in Geelong and the wider region.

Geelong faced competition from Melbourne, which considered itself the primary centre for wool exports and sales. Charles Dennys fueled this rivalry by initiating wool sales in Geelong, asserting that making it the centre would save costs for local agriculturalists, who would no longer need to transport their wool to Melbourne.

By the 1890s, wool accounted for two-thirds of Australia's exports, providing a significant number of employment opportunities, particularly in and around the woolstores.

Victoria had a vibrant union movement, with workers advocating for improved conditions and wages, including those in the wool stores. Key unions involved in Geelong's woolstores included the Amalgamated Fellmongers Woolsorters & Woolscourers Union of Australia, the Wool and Basil Workers' Federation of Australia, the Federated Storemen and Packers' Union of Australia, and the Wool & Skin Stores Employees Union. Strikes by wharf workers and shearers in the late nineteenth century disrupted the industry, affecting the shipping of wool.

The wool industry faced significant challenges during the two World Wars and an economic depression, impacting labour availability, demand, and wool prices. While there was a brief boom in the 1950s, the industry faced threats from the increasing popularity of synthetic fibres, rising production costs, and declining international prices. To address these issues, the Australian government implemented a protectionist reserve price scheme in 1974. Under this scheme, the government would purchase the wool clip if prices fell below a certain level. The scheme operated until 1991, when the accumulation of excess wool posed a threat to the Australian economy. As a result, the industry underwent contraction, and the focus of the Australian economy shifted towards mineral extraction.

By the late 1970s, the wool stores in the Geelong area had closed. Local firms such as Strachan and Denny's were acquired in 1978 by the Australian Mercantile Land & Finance Company, which had major centres in London, Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane.

Starting in the 1870s, wool, skins, and hides were transported to the woolstores and underwent sorting, storage, and cataloguing processes. Initially, transportation primarily relied on bullock drays and waggons and occasionally riverboats, which brought baled wool from remote stations. Later on, rail and road transport became more prominent. Wool continued to be transported via various means, including land, sea, and rail. Upon its arrival at the stores, specialised sorters and packers would categorise the wool based on its destination.

In the early 1950s, it was recognised that the excessive handling of wool was unnecessary. As a result, professional wool classers began to be employed at the stations, ensuring proper packing of the wool at the outset of its journey.

The process of handling wool involved several activities, including weighing, conveying, classing, baling, branding, storing, displaying, marketing, and selling.

In multi-story "wool warehouses," bales were transported on trolleys and moved using steam or hydraulic lifts. They were then dropped down chutes. In modern one-story wool stores, vehicles were used to move the wool. Enhancements made to woolstores in the 1940s included the implementation of metal wool gates to separate the wool, the introduction of electric lifts and elevators, and the incorporation of wool presses and wool drops.

Wool brokers charged growers a fee for handling and selling the wool in the store. In addition to these services, brokers also provided various other services such as credit facilities, banking, advice, and assistance with hotel and travel bookings. They served as a connection between wool growers and the wider world of commerce and international trade. Since the stores were visited by clients, including buyers and suppliers, they were required to offer a reasonable level of amenities and were not simply regarded as large sheds. Larger woolstores even included changing rooms and showers for the convenience of buyers and growers, as well as offices for wool valuers.

Before classing, the process of "skirting" took place, aiming to achieve a uniform fleece by removing any wool that did not match the majority of the fleece. Once a fleece had been handled, baled, and pressed, further skirting was not feasible. Skirting and packing contributed to the overall value of the wool clip. Classing, which involved grading the skirted fleece as a whole, was a crucial task that required sound knowledge acquired through experience and practise. Wool was categorised into lines based on its class. The initial separation of woollen and woven fleece was performed by wool sorters, after which the fleece was graded according to several factors:

• Quality refers to the diameter of the fibre, which is indicated by its evenness and number of crimps.
• Soundness: evaluating the tensile strength and the ability to withstand tension during the combing process
• Length of staple: Well-defined lengths for long, medium, and short wools were established for each quality or count.
• Condition: Assessing the amount of yoke and moisture adhering to the wool fibre

Other significant factors included:

• Colour: Pure white wools provided the widest range of usability.
• Style: Factors such as character, colour clarity, bloom or lustre, regularity, elasticity, distinctiveness of crimp, pliancy, softness, and fullness contributed to the seven distinct style standards in wool: Choice or extra super, super, good to super, good, average, average, and inferior.

After the sorting and classing of greasy wool, the next step was scouring, which involved removing impurities like grease or yolk, sweat, and earthy matter through washing in a soap and weak alkali solution. Carbonising was necessary if burrs, seeds, or other types of vegetable matter couldn't be eliminated through carding, combing, and subsequent processes. Carding utilised fine wire teeth to remove foreign matter and smooth and straighten the fibres. The mesh was then condensed into a soft rope form called "silver." Backwashing and gilling were performed to further straighten the fibres, and sometimes oil was added as a substitute for the lost natural grease. Finally, combing straightened the long fibres and eliminated any short and imperfect fibres. The rejected wool collected was known as "noil." The result of the process was a continuous length of fibre known as a "top," which was ready for packing.

Once the bulk classers had sorted the wool, it was transported to bins and examined by an overlooker before being formed into sale bales and displayed using wool lifts. The design of the warehouse show floors ensured ample space and light, enabling easy separation of wool from different districts. One method employed for this purpose was the use of sawtooth roofs. The construction of new Woolstores in 1872 elevated Geelong to a comparable status with Melbourne. These woolstores were specifically designed to meet the requirements of wool selling, encompassing storage, inspection, viewing, and sales.

The availability of such facilities allowed wool owners to readily compare the condition of their clips, while prospective buyers could efficiently assess the wool lots. On sale days, the wool was transported to the top floor, which provided bright natural light and was opened up for potential buyers to examine. Sampling often took place on the show floor, where wool was taken and evaluated. The raw wool was then sold at auction and subsequently dispatched via road, rail, or sea.

In Geelong, wool was transported to the beach for loading onto ships and onward delivery. When preparing wool for despatch, it was necessary to ensure it was packed securely to withstand the sea voyage and subsequent handling. Initially, this task was carried out by sorters and packers, but from the 1950s onward, professional wool classers took over the responsibility. Bales awaiting delivery were stacked within the warehouse. Local orders were promptly fulfilled. The initial storemen resided on the woolstore premises, and these woolstores were strategically located near various transportation facilities.

Manager, Head Valuer, Valuers, Re-classers, Bulk classers, Pressers, Branders, Wool clerk, Receivals, Engineers, Sheep skins, Hides, Manager and Head Auctioneer, Paymaster and Office Master, Store Foreman, Cataloguer, Head Fossicker, Wool Manager, Auctioneer, Auctioneer/Office, Company Secretary, Traveller, Receptionist.

The Geelong Woolstores Historic Area is one of remarkable coherence and integrity. The Area represents an important aspect of the process of settling the land in Victoria. For Australians as inhabitants of an industrial nation, the last century may be considered as the most relevant period of their past since the specific changes made during that period provide the foundation of their present society. Significant Woolstore groups do exist elsewhere in Australia, but they do not match the group qualities of the Geelong Woolstores and were not specifically erected for the storage, handling and marketing of wool.

Thus, the former Dennys Lascelles Woolstores can be seen as quintessentially Australian as a manifestation of the wool industry. These buildings meet criterion A (Importance to the course, or pattern, of Victoria's cultural history), F (Importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period), and H (Special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in Victoria's history). They can be associated with the fifth topic of the Victorian Historical Themes (“Building Victoria’s Industries and Workforce”, subtheme “wool processing”).