Gasoline pump

A gasoline pump or fuel dispenser is a machine at a filling station that is used to pump gasoline (petrol), diesel, or other types of liquid fuel into vehicles. Gasoline pumps are also known as bowsers or petrol bowsers (in Australia and South Africa),[2][3] petrol pumps (in Commonwealth countries), or gas pumps (in North America).

For the automobile component, see Fuel pump.

A pump, manufactured by Dresser Wayne, in Greece.
A diesel pump being used at a BP petrol station in Wisconsin.[1]

History

The first gasoline pump was invented and sold by Sylvanus Bowser in Fort Wayne, Indiana, on September 5, 1885,[4] pre-dating the automobile industry- It was commonly used to dispense the kerosene used in lamps and stoves. He later improved upon the pump by adding safety measures, and by adding a hose to directly dispense fuel into automobiles. For a while, the term bowser was used to refer to a vertical gasoline pump. In the United States this term is now only used for trucks that carry and dispense fuel to large aircraft at airports, but it is still used sometimes in Australia and New Zealand.[5]

The first gasoline pump was patented by Norwegian John J. Tokheim in 1901. The Tokheim pump was named after him. Fuel retail industry giant OPW (a Dover company) acquired Tokheim in 2016.

Many early gasoline pumps had a calibrated glass cylinder on top. The desired quantity of fuel was pumped up into the cylinder as indicated by the calibration. Then the pumping was stopped and the gasoline was let out into the customer's tank by gravity. When metering pumps came into use, a small glass globe with a turbine inside replaced the measuring cylinder to show the customer that gasoline really was flowing into the tank. The first measured gas pump, commercially produced by Gilbarco in 1911, lacked this globe, with customers having to rely on the gas station owner to have calibrated it accurately.[6][7]

Design
Hydrogen station pump at shell
A four pump dispenser at a petrol station in Finland. The dispenser shown here dispenses 95E10 and 98E5 petrol; diesel as well as low tax fuel oil dyed with Solvent Yellow 124 (indicated as "Polttoöljy"/"Brännolja"/"MPÖ"; primarily intended for non-road vehicles such as those used in the agricultural and construction sectors)

A modern gasoline pump is divided into two main parts – an electronic "head" containing an embedded computer to control the action of the pump, drive the pump's displays, and communicate to an indoor sales system; and a mechanical section which (in a self-contained unit) has an electric motor, pumping unit, meters, pulsers and valves to physically pump and control the fuel flow.

In some cases the actual pump may be sealed and immersed inside the fuel tanks on a site, in which case it is known as a submersible pump. In general, submersible solutions in Europe are installed in hotter countries, where suction pumps may have problems overcoming cavitation with warm fuels or when the distance from tank to pump is longer than a suction pump can manage.

In modern pumps, the major variations are in the number of hoses or grades they can dispense, the physical shape, and additional hardware for services such as pay at the pump and attendant tag readers.

Light passenger vehicles pump up to about 50 litres (13 US gallons) per minute[8] (the United States limits this to 10 US gallons [38 litres] per minute[9]); pumps serving trucks and other large vehicles have a higher flow rate, up to 130 litres (34 US gallons) per minute in the UK[8] and 40 US gallons (150 litres) in the US. This flow rate is based on the diameter of the vehicle's fuel filling pipe, which limits flow to these amounts.

Airline refueling can reach 1,000 US gallons (3,800 litres) per minute.[10] Higher flow rates may overload the vapor recovery system in vehicles equipped with enhanced evaporative emissions controls[11] (required since 1996 in the US), causing excess vapor emissions, and may present a safety hazard.

Historically, gasoline pumps had a very wide range of designs to solve the mechanical problems of pumping, reliable measurement, safety, and aesthetics. This has led to some popularity in collecting antique dispensers, especially in the US.[12]

Fuel nozzles

Nozzles are attached to the pump with flexible hoses, so they can reach the vehicle's filler inlet. The hoses are robust to survive heavy wear and tear, including exposure to weather and being driven over, and are often attached using heavy spring or coil arrangements to provide additional strength. A breakaway valve is also fitted to the hose so that the nozzle and hose will detach and fuel flow stop if a motorist drives off with the nozzle still in the filler.

Nozzles are usually color-coded to indicate which grade of fuel they dispense, but the color-coding differs between countries and even retailers. For example, a black hose and handle in the UK indicate that the fuel dispensed is diesel, and a green dispenser indicates unleaded fuel; the reverse is common in the US.

Misfueling

Some nozzles are designed to prevent the motorist selecting the wrong fuel. The nozzle on diesel pumps is supposed to be larger so that it cannot fit into the filler pipe on a vehicle tank designed for gasoline. However, the larger diameter diesel nozzles are not an actual requirement, and many diesel pumps have been fitted with standard gasoline nozzles. Also, the nozzle for leaded gasoline is wider than for unleaded, and the fill pipe on vehicles designed for unleaded-only was made narrower to prevent misfueling. Some diesel fuel tanks are designed to prevent the wrong type of nozzle from being used.

Blending

In some countries, pumps can mix two fuel products together before dispensing; this is referred to as blending or mixing. Typical usages are in a "mix" pump to add oil to petrol for two-stroke motorcycles, to produce an intermediate octane rating from separate high and low octane fuels, or to blend hydrogen and compressed natural gas (HCNG). Retailers benefit by offering three grades of fuel while having to stock only two. This frees up both working capital and tank capacity and improves fuel turnover.

A pump display in Jacksonville, Florida

Flow measurement

The equipment must accurately measure the amount of fuel pumped. Flow measurement is almost always done by a 4 stroke piston meter connected to an electronic encoder.[8] In older gasoline pumps, the meter is physically coupled to reeled numerical displays (moving wheels or cylinders with numbers on the side), while newer pumps turn the meter's movement into electrical pulses using a rotary encoder.

Gasoline

Gasoline is difficult to sell in a fair and consistent manner by volumetric units. It expands and contracts significantly as its temperature changes. Its coefficient of thermal expansion at 20 °C is about 4.5 times that of water.

In the US, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) specifies the accuracy of the measurements in Handbook 44,[13] though states set their own legal standards. The standard accuracy is 0.3%, meaning that a 10-US-gallon (37.9 L) purchase may actually deliver between 9.97 and 10.03 US gal (37.7 and 38.0 L).

The reference temperature for gasoline volume measurement is 60 °F or 15 °C.[14] Ten gallons of gasoline at that temperature expands to about 10.15 US gal (38.4 L) at 85 °F (29 °C) and contracts to about 9.83 US gal (37.2 L) at 30 °F (−1 °C). Each of the three volumes represents the same theoretical amount of energy. In one sense, a given volume of gasoline purchased at 30 °F has about 3.2% more potential energy than the same volume purchased at 85 °F. Most gasoline is stored in tanks underneath the filling station. Modern tanks are non-metallic and sealed to stop leaks. Some have double walls or other structures that provide a side benefit of thermal insulation while pursuing the main goal of keeping gasoline out of the soil around the tank. So while the air temperature can easily vary between 30 and 85 °F (−1 and 29 °C), the gasoline warms or cools much more slowly, especially underground, as deep soil temperature tends to remain in a narrow range throughout the year, regardless of air temperature.

Temperature compensation is common at the wholesale level in the United States and most other countries. At the retail level, Canada has converted to automatic temperature compensation, and the UK is converting, but the United States has not converted. Automatic temperature compensation, known as Standard Temperature Accounting in the UK, may add a tiny amount of additional uncertainty to the measurement of about 0.1%.[14]

There are far fewer retail outlets for gasoline in the US today than there were in 1980. Larger outlets sell gasoline rapidly, as much as 30,000 US gal (110,000 L) in a single day, even in remote places. Most finished product gasoline is delivered in 8,000- to 16,000-gallon tank trucks, so two deliveries in a 24-hour period are common. Gasoline spends so little time in the retail sales system that its temperature at the point of sale does not vary significantly from winter to summer or by region. Canada has lower overall population densities and geographically larger gasoline distribution systems, compared with the United States. Temperature compensation at the retail level improves the fairness under those conditions.

In the United States, each state has its own Department of Weights and Measure, with the authority to perform all testing and certification, issuing fines for non-compliance. For example, in 2007 Arizona found that 9% of all pumps were off by at least 2.5% (the threshold for fines), evenly split between overcounting and undercounting fuel.[15]

A state petroleum inspector visiting a Mobil station in Port Charlotte, Florida

In many jurisdictions, regular required inspections are conducted to ensure the accuracy of gasoline pumps. For example, the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services conducts regular tests of calibration and fuel quality at individual dispensers. The department also conducts random undercover inspections using specially designed vehicles that can check the accuracy of the dispensers. The department issues correction required notices to stations with pumps found to be inaccurate.[16] Most other US states conduct similar inspections. In Canada, inspections are regularly conducted by the federal government agency Measurement Canada. Inspection dates and test results are required, by law, to be displayed to consumers on a sticker on gasoline pumps. Under the 2011 Fairness at the Pumps Act, a vendor with a modified or poorly maintained dispenser can be fined up to $50,000. However, virtually all pumps that fail inspection in Canada do so for general calibration errors caused by use over time. Intentional modification for the purpose of deceiving consumers is extremely rare, as are prosecutions.[17]

Hydrogen

Hydrogen fuel dispensers[18] in use on hydrogen stations dispense by the kilogram.[19] In the US, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) specifies in Handbook 44 that the tolerance of the measurements is to be 2.0%.[20] Worldwide regulations are discussed under OIML R 139 (compressed hydrogen).[21]

Hydrogen pumps may be regulated under terms drawn from an industry technical standard, SAE J2601.[22]

Communications components

Technology for communicating with gasoline pumps from a point of sale or other controller varies widely, involving a variety of hardware (RS-485, RS-422, current loop, and others) and proprietary software protocols. In the past, this gave pump manufacturers vendor lock-in for their own point-of-sale systems, since only they understood the protocols.[23]

An effort to standardize in the 1990s resulted in the International Forecourt Standards Forum, which has had considerable success in Europe, but less elsewhere.

By October 2017, all US gasoline pumps with credit card readers had to support EMV payment. A year before this rule came into force, a third of 750,000 pumps needed upgrading at a cost of $6,000 to $17,000 each[24] plus the cost of new EPOS hardware and software. With some software not expected to be ready, some fleet cards not having chip technology available in time, not enough technicians for the installations, and many businesses unable to afford the upgrade, it was predicted the conversion would take until 2021.[25]

Automatic cut-off

The shut-off valve was invented in Olean, New York, in 1939 by Richard C. Corson. At a loading dock at the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Corson observed a worker filling a barrel with gasoline and thought it inefficient. The sound of a toilet flushing later gave him the idea for a "butterfly float." After developing a prototype with his assistant, Paul Wenke, Corson gave the suggestion to the company who later filed for a patent in his name. The initial intent of the device was to "allow a person to fill more than one barrel [of gasoline] at the same time."[26] This mechanism eventually developed into the modern gasoline pump cut-off valve.[27]

Most modern pumps have an automatic cut-off feature that stops the flow when the tank is full. This is done with an auxiliary sensing tube running from just inside the mouth of the nozzle to a Venturi pump in the pump handle. A mechanical valve in the pump handle detects a change of pressure and closes, preventing the flow of fuel.[28][29]

Other components

A modern fuel pump will often contain control equipment for the vapor recovery system, which prevents gasoline vapor from escaping to the air. In the UK, for example, any new forecourt with a predicted throughput in excess of 500 m3 per month is required to have active vapor recovery installed.

Early designs

Regulation

Since gasoline pumps are the focal point of distributing fuel to the general public, and fuel is a hazardous substance, they are subject to stringent requirements regarding safety, accuracy and security. The exact details differ between jurisdictions and can depend to some extent on politics.

For example, in countries fighting corruption, such as Mexico,[30] gasoline pumps may be more stringently monitored by government officials, to detect attempts to defraud customers.

Typically, individual pumps must be certified for operation after installation by a weights and measures inspector, who tests that the pump displays the same amount that it dispenses.

In Taiwan, continuous fuel flow is not allowed for self service pumps; the driver must grip the nozzle until the desired amount of fuel has been delivered or until the shutoff switch is triggered. This is also the case in Australia and the UK. [31]

See also
The pictogram of a gasoline pump is used internationally as a symbol on fuel gauges of vehicles, here on a 50 ccm Chinese-made scooter from 2008

References
  1. "Gas Stations - Wisconsin DNR". dnr.wi.gov. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  2. Mark Gwynn (October 2005). "When people become words" (PDF). Ozwords. Australian National Dictionary Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2013. But one doesn't have to be an Australian to enter the Australian lexicon — take bowser 'petrol pump' (in Australia), which is named after a company established by U.S. inventor and entrepreneur S.F. Bowser.
  3. "REGULATIONS REGARDING PETROLEUM PRODUCTS SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS". Southern African Legal Information Institute. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  4. Alfred, Randy (1 October 2008). "Sept. 5, 1885: Pay at the Pump". Wired.com. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  5. "Fuel for thought". Air Force. Vol. 46, no. 21. 18 November 2004. p. 4. Retrieved 21 February 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  6. "Company History". Gilbarco Veeder-Root. 2020. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023.
  7. "Manual Crank Gasoline Pump, circa 1915". The Henry Ford. Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation. Retrieved 30 May 2023. Gas pumps provide drivers with an easy way to put gasoline in their cars. This gas pump, made by Gilbert and Barker Manufacturing Company, dates from about 1915. Gilbert and Barker introduced the first measuring gas pump in 1911. Customers, however, could not see the gasoline. They had to rely on the pump's accuracy and the gas station owner's honesty.
  8. "Certificate Pursuant to section 12 of the Weights and Measures Act 1985" (PDF).
  9. "The EPA 10 gallon per minute fuel dispensing limit". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 24 September 1997. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  10. Austerman, Gary (May 1997). "How Large Aircraft Fuel Up". Petroleum Equipment & Technology Archive.
  11. "California Refueling Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 1998 Through 2000 Model Motor Vehicles" (PDF). 5 August 1999.
  12. Caldwell, Dave (5 October 2008). "Filling Up the Backyard With a Gas Station". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  13. "Handbook 44". Nist. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 20 November 2014.
  14. "STA Guidance" (PDF). February 2016.
  15. "Help Center - the Arizona Republic".
  16. "Bureau of Petroleum Inspection". Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  17. McGregor, Glen (14 May 2015). "Four years later, not a penny of fines under gas-pumps law". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  18. SAE International publishes new standard, SAE J2601, to establish worldwide basis for H2 fueling of fuel cell electric vehicles
  19. LA gas station gets hydrogen fuel pump
  20. Fill er up- NIST develops prototype meter test for hydrogen refueling stations
  21. Report on the activities of the OIML and regional legal metrology organizations
  22. SAE International Publishes New standard, SAE J2601, to Establish Worldwide Basis for H2 Fueling of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
  23. IFSF Management Intro, sec 1.1 Background history Archived August 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  24. Smith, Ashley. "How Much Does It Cost to Convert My Gas Pump Terminals to Be EMV Chip Ready?". kompareit.com. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  25. Kharif, Olga (31 October 2016). "For gas-station operators, chip card upgrade is a pain in the pump". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 13 November 2019 – via Bloomberg Businessweek.
  26. "Patent US2316934 - Barrel Filler". Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  27. Sampson, Julia (26 April 2010). "Did you know? Gas Pump shut-off valve was invented in Olean". Olean Times Herald.
  28. "12/25/1991 How does a gas pump shut off automatically when the gas tank is full?". Pa.msu.edu. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  29. Plueddeman, Charles. "Unraveling Automotive Mysteries". Editorial.autos.msn.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  30. Dickerson, Marla; Martinez, Carlos (13 June 2006). "Not Quite Measuring Up at Mexico's Gas Pumps". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  31. "QLD: Safety alert issued over fuel dispensing nozzle latches". AIHS. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
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