Treaty of friendship

A treaty of friendship, also known as a friendship treaty, is a common generic name for any treaty establishing close ties between countries. Friendship treaties have been used for agreements about use and development of resources, territorial integrity, access to harbours, trading lanes and fisheries, and promises of cooperation. Whilst not common, there are some treaties agreeing to some forms of military alliance which have use friendship terminology in their titles,[1] as well as some non-aggression pacts. Additionally, friendship treaties have also signalled an independent relationship with emerging states.[2]

History

Ancient Greeks distinguished between three different types of friendships between two polities: Philiai, symmachia, and epimachia. Both symmachia and epimachia were types of alliances, with the former committing States to support each other in battle and the latter requiring parties to assist each other if one suffered an invasion. Philiai, then, made the important distinction of denoting friendship between polities but did not give the treaty partners the status of allies. Romans had a similar word amicitia, which was a state of diplomatic relations which could coexist with an alliance, or exist without it. The Romans employed a practice of establishing peace and friendship with polities on its peripheries, though in practice these relationships were usually built on unequal treaties, requiring the neighbour to support Rome militarily, though not necessarily the reverse.[1]

In most cases, the friendship treaties are not based on equal partnership. This is particularly the case in treaties between aboriginal nations and the colonizers, both in America and in the Pacific, throughout the Colonial era. These treaties, often written primarily in the language of the coloniser, manipulated the terminology of friendship by the larger powers in order to create an environment of trust, primarily for the benefit of themselves. While promising protection in return for these benefits, the treaties are more subtle ways of accessing resources for commercial exploitation of smaller nations.[1]

Since the early 2000s, friendship in international relations has been under closer analysis. Whilst friendship terminology had always been used in discourse and diplomacy, the analysis of friendship in international relations had been dismissed as merely being synonymous with good relations. In 2007, Felix Berenskoetter called for the inclusion of friendship analysis into international relations and since then a modest body of literature around the concept has been formed.[3][4]

Terminology

In the Soviet Union, Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance or Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимопомощи) was a standard Russian language reference to various treaties both internally, between the Soviet Republics, and externally, with countries considered friendly. This terminology is still in use for some post-Soviet states. The terminology was used in many so-called "friendship treaties" the Soviet Union made, but also was used in the Warsaw Pact.[5]

In the United States, these types of treaties are commonly a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation. More than a hundred "Treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation" have been signed since independence. Since 1946, these treaties have dealt with commercial matters concerned with the protection of persons, natural and juridical, and of the property and interests of such persons. They define the treatment each country owes the nationals of the other; their rights to engage in business and other activities within the boundaries of the former; and the respect due them, their property and their enterprises.[5]

List of Friendship Treaties
List of Friendship Treaties
SignatoriesTreatyDate Signed
Mosquito Nation
 Great Britain		Treaty of Friendship and Alliance16 March 1740
 France
 United States		Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France)6 February 1778
 Morocco
 United States		Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship28 June 1786
 Ottoman Empire
 United States		Treaty of Tripoli (Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary)4 November 1796
 Johor
 United Kingdom		Singapore Treaty of Friendship and Alliance[6]6 February 1819
 Johor
 United Kingdom		Crawfurd Treaty (Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore)[7][8]2 August 1824
 Argentina
 United Kingdom		Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Argentina and the United Kingdom1825
 Hawaii
 United States		Hawaii-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation1849
Brunei
 United States		Brunei–United States Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation23 June 1850
 Japan
 United Kingdom		Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty14 October 1854
 Korea
 United States		United States–Korea Treaty of 18821882
 Brazil
 Japan		Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan[9]1895
 Tonga
 United Kingdom		Treaty of Friendship between Tonga and the United Kingdom.1900
 Bolivia
 Chile		Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904)20 October 1904
 Mongolia
 Tibet		Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet11 January 1913
 Persia
 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic		Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship26 February 1921
 Turkey
 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic		Treaty of Moscow (1921) [note 1]16 March 1921
 Germany
 United States		Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America8 December 1923
 Kingdom of Italy
 Ethiopian Empire		Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928 (Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of Friendship and Arbitration)2 August 1928
 Portugal
 Spain		Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression17 March 1939
 Nazi Germany
 Soviet Union		German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation23 August 1939
 Nazi Germany
 Turkey		German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship18 June 1941
 Ecuador
 Peru		Rio Protocol aka Protocol of Friendship and Peace29 January 1942
 China
 Soviet Union		Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance14 August 1945
 China
 United States		Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China4 November 1946
 Finland
 Soviet Union		Finno-Soviet Treaty of 19488 April 1948
 India
 Bhutan		1949 Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship9 August 1949
 India
   Nepal		1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship31 July 1950
 Greece
 Turkey
 Yugoslavia		Balkan Pact (1953)28 February 1953
 Netherlands
 United States		DAFT (Dutch-American Friendship Treaty)27 March 1956
 Indonesia
 Malaya		Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia[10]17 April 1959
 North Korea
 Soviet Union		The DPRK-Soviet Union Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[11]6 July 1961
 China
 North Korea		Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty11 July 1961
 New Zealand
 Samoa		Treaty of Friendship1 August 1962
 France
 West Germany		Élysée Treaty aka Treaty of Friendship22 January 1963
 India
 Soviet Union		Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and CooperationAugust 1971
 Bangladesh
 India		Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace19 March 1972
 Australia
 Japan		Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation16 June 1976
 Portugal
 Spain		Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Portugal2 November 1977
 China
 Japan		Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China12 August 1978
 Afghanistan
 Soviet Union		 Soviet-Afghan Treaty of Friendship[12] 12 December 1978
 Cambodia
 Vietnam		Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation[13]1979
 Kiribati
 United States		Treaty of Tarawa aka Treaty of Friendship Between the United States of America and the Republic of Kiribati20 September 1979
 Equatorial Guinea
 Spain		Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Equatorial Guinea of 198023 October 1980
 Argentina
 Chile		Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina29 November 1984
 Kazakhstan
 Russia		Kazakh-Russian Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[14]25 May 1992
 Tajikistan
 Russia		Russia-Tajikistan Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[15]25 May 1993
 Russia
 Ukraine		Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty31 May 1997
 North Korea
 Russia		North Korea-Russia Treaty of 20009 February 2000
 China
 Russia		2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship16 July 2001
 Italy
 Libya		2008 Treaty of Benghazi[16]30 August 2008
  1. The preamble of the treaty stating that it is a "Treaty of Friendship and Brotherhood"

See also

References
  1. Devere, Heather; Mark, Simon; Verbitsky, Jane (2011-12-01). "The Language of Friendship in International Treaties". International Politics. 48. doi:10.1057/ip.2010.34.
  2. Devere, Heather (2014). Friendship in International Treaties. pp. 182–198. doi:10.1057/9781137396341_10.
  3. "Friendship and Positive Peace: Conceptualising Friendship in Politics and International Relations (in Politics and Governance)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
  4. Berenskoetter, Felix (2007-09-01). "Friends, There Are No Friends? An Intimate Reframing of the International". Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 35 (3): 647–676. doi:10.1177/03058298070350031501. ISSN 0305-8298.
  5. Walker, Herman. "Modern treaties of friendship, commerce and navigation". Minnesota Law Review.
  6. "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance". www.roots.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  7. "1824 Treaty of Friendship and Alliance | Infopedia". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  8. "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore (1824)". Jus Mundi. 1824-08-02.
  9. Ninomiya, Masato O centenário do Tratado de Amizade, Comércio e Navegação entre Brasil e Japão November 18, 2011
  10. Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia.
  11. Studies), Marie DuMond (Center for Strategic and International. "1961 Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Between..." www.documentcloud.org. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  12. Whitney, Craig R. (1978-12-06). "20‐Year Treaty Moves Afghans Closer to Soviet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  13. Pobzeb Vang, Five Principles of Chinese Foreign Policies
  14. "Russia-Kazakhstan | Russia-Kazakhstan relations | The Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Kazakhstan". www.rfembassy.kz. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  15. "Relations of Tajikistan with Russia | Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan". mfa.tj. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  16. Ronzitti, Natalino. "The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya: New Prospects for Cooperation in the Mediterranean?" (PDF). www.gla.ac.uk. Bulletin of Italian Politics Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009, 125-133.
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