François de Surienne
François de Surienne (c. 1398 – 8 April 1462) was a Spanish mercenary and engineer, a specialist in fortification and artillery,[1] who was active in Normandy and Burgundy in the 15th century. He was lord of Pisy and of Châtel-Gérard as well as bailli of Chartres and of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier. His name is generally given in Spanish as Francisco de Soriano,[2] Sarriera, Sariñera, Siurana, and Sureda. Since he was born in Aragon, he was also known in France by his demonym, the Aragonese (French: l'Arragonais).
François de Surienne | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms of François de Surienne, KG | |
| Born | c. 1398 |
| Died | 8 April 1462 |
| Occupation(s) | Mercenary, gunner, engineer |
| Title | Lord of Loigny, Pisy, and Châteaugirard |
| Relatives | Perrinet Gressart (fr) (uncle) Rodrigo Borgia (nephew) |
| Awards | Order of the Garter (1447-11-27) |
A mercenary and adventurer, Surienne fought in the Hundred Years' War on the side of the English, becoming a trusted captain and agent.[3] His services and familial connections earned him a number of titles, lands, and important offices in France.
Surienne is noted for launching an attack on Fougères, Brittany, in 1449, a move which precipitated the formal breaking of an ongoing truce between the English and the French. The failure of the English to support him prompted Surienne to sever ties with England, and he served Charles VII of France for the remainder of his life.[1]
Origin and family
"François de Surienne" is a corruption in French of his native name, which has multiple variants due to the diversity of dialects in his native country of Aragon.[4] Soriano,[2] Sarriera,[5] Sariñera, Siurana, and Sureda[4] all feature among sources as his surname.
He was a nephew of Perrinet Gressart, who held Passy castle, through his marriage on 4 June 1426 to Étiennette de Grésille. He was perhaps related to the Borgia,[6] and possibly the uncle of Rodrigo Borgia, who became Pope in 1492 under the name Alexander VI. His daughter Jeanne married Richard Aux-Épaules, a faithful Surienne retainer, châtelain of Longny for his father-in-law.
Biography
Titles
De Surienne, known as "the Aragonese" was lord of Pisy, Châtel-Gérard, and Loigny (Lunée), bailiff of Chartres and Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier, and captain of Montargis, Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Pont-Audemer. He was also governor of Le Mans, constable of Portchester Castle, governor of Lower Normandy for the king of England, knight of the Garter, adviser to the king of England, Councilor and Chamberlain of the Duke of Burgundy, and grand master of the ducal artillery.
Siege of Fougères
François de Surienne was made a Knight of the Garter on 27 November 1447. At the time he was an adventurer in the pay of the English, and took thirty-two towns before, on 23 March 1449, he seized the Breton town of Fougères while a truce between France and England was in force. This action became a pretext to break the truce, triggering the last phase of the Hundred Years' War.[6] He launched this attack from the city of Condé-sur-Noireau, which was under the lordship of the Englishman Sir John Fastolf of Caister Castle, Norfolk (1380-1459).
Later career with the English
In 1461, he was bailiff of Chartres[7]
King Alfonso V of Aragon sent a letter to the King of France, Charles VII, on 10 November 1450, which recommended Franciscus Dictus Arragonennsis.[2]
Modernising the fortifications of Dijon from 1461, he then improved the defences of the castle of Fougères by reinforcing the ancient fortifications by placing works in front, thus protecting the old walls. The torn outline then appears in some parts of the fortification, in particular the weak points.[8]
Career with the Burgandians
Renowned as among the most valiant men of war of his time, after twenty years in the service of King of England, he entered the service of Duke Philip III of Burgundy, and accompanied him as governor during the campaign against Ghent.
The years of peace during which he was in charge of the artillery enabled him to bring about equipment improvements which the experience of past wars seemed to indicate: the invention of trunnions and, consequently, that of the flanged carriages seem belong to that time.
He died on 8 April 1462,[9] aged 64, and was succeeded by Messire Waleran de Soissons.
Footnotes
- Bradbury 2004, p. 34.
- Stevenson 1861, p. 310.
- Kirkland 1938, p. 263.
- Riquer 1965, p. 50.
- Roca 1988, p. 15.
- Calmette 1937, p. 158.
- Pintard, Alexandre, "Listes des baillis de Chartres", Histoire de la ville de Chartres
- Gille, B. (1978-06-09). Histoire des techniques. Encyclopédie de la Pléiade. Vol. 41. Éditions Gallimard. ISBN 978-2-07-010881-7.
- Calmette 1937, p. 159.
References
- Bradbury, J. (2004-02-26). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22126-9. <ebook>
- Calmette, J. [in French] (1937). "André Bossuat. Perrinet Gressart et François de Surienne, agents de l'Angleterre. Contribution à l'étude des relations de l'Angleterre et de la Bourgogne avec la France sous le règne de Charles VII. Paris, E. Droz, 1936. In-8°, XXVI-444 pages". BEC (review) (in French). 98: 158–9.
- Kirkland, Dorothy (1938-04-01). "Jean Juvénal des Ursins, and François de Surienne". The English Historical Review. 53 (210): 263–7. doi:10.1093/ehr/LIII.CCX.263. JSTOR 554206.
- Riquer, M. (1965-05-16), Vida caballeresca en la España del siglo XV [Chivalrous life in 15th century Spain] (PDF) (in Spanish), Royal Spanish Academy, archived from the original (PDF) on 18 Apr 2016
- Roca, Francisco José Morales (1988). Caballeros de la Espuela Dorada del Principado de Cataluña (in Spanish). Ediciones Hidalguia. ISBN 978-84-00-06844-8.
- Stevenson, J., ed. (1861). Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France During the Reign of Henry the Sixth, King of England, vol. I. Rolls series. Vol. 22. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts.
Further reading
- Barker, J. (2012). Conquest: The English Kingdom of France 1417–1450 (PDF). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06560-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018.
- Bossuat, A. [in French] (1936-01-01). Perrinet Gressart et François de Surienne, agents de l'Angleterre: Contribution à l'étude des relations de l'Angleterre et de la Bourgogne avec la France sous le règne de Charles VII [Perrinet Gressart and François de Surienne, agents of England: Contribution to the study of relations of England and Burgundy with France in the reign of Charles VII] (PhD, Faculté des lettres de Paris) (in French). Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-02034-3. OCLC 708467569. <>
- Griffiths, R.A. (1981). The Reign of Henry VI. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04372-5.
- Hellot, Amédée, ed. (1881). Les Cronicques de Normendie (1223–1453) (in French). OCLC 35517309.
- Jardin, Jean-Pierre, Gens de compaigne français en Espagne, routiers espagnols en France pendant la Guerre de Cent Ans (PDF) (in French)
- Keen, M. & Daniel, M.J. (1974). "English diplomacy and the sack of Fougères in 1449". History. 59 (197): 375–391. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1974.tb02223.x. JSTOR 24409415.
- Mirot, L. [in French] (1938), "Perrinet Gressart et le Nivernais de 1422 à 1435" (PDF), Journal des savants (in French)
- Nicolas, H. (1842). History of the Orders of Knighthood of the British Empire. Vol. 1. London: John Hunter. p. 80.
- Pépin, Guilhem; Lainé, Françoise; Boutoulle, Frédéric, eds. (2016). Routiers et mercenaires pendant la guerre de Cent ans (in French). Ausonius. ISBN 978-2-35613-149-2.
- Purton, Peter Fraser (2010). A history of the late medieval siege 1200–1500. Boydell Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-84383-449-6. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt14brvvs.
- Rey, Maurice (1937). "Bossuat (André) — Perrinet Gressart et François de Surienne, agents de l'Angleterre, 1936" (PDF). Revue du Nord (review) (in French). 23 (90): 139–40.
- Richard, J. [in French] (1944). "Quelques idées de François de Surienne sur la défense des villes à propos de la fortification de Dijon, 1461" (PDF). Annales de Bourgogne (in French). 16 (1): 36–43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2018.
- Smith, R. & DeVries, K. (2005). The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363–1477. Boydell Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-84383-162-4.