Women's Super League

The Women's Super League (WSL), known as the Barclays Women's Super League (BWSL) for sponsorship reasons, is the highest league of women's football in England. Established in 2010, it is run by the Football Association and features twelve fully professional teams.

This article is about the association football league in England. For other uses, see Women's Super League (disambiguation).

Women's Super League
FoundedMarch 2010 (2010-03)
Displaced Premier League National as level 1 division
First season2011
CountryEngland
ConfederationUEFA
Number of teams12
Level on pyramid1
Relegation toWomen's Championship
Domestic cup(s)Women's FA Cup
League cup(s)FA Women's League Cup
International cup(s)UEFA Champions League
Current championsChelsea (6th title)
(2022–23)
Most championships
Most appearancesKerys Harrop (183)
Top goalscorerVivianne Miedema (78)
TV partnersSky Sports
BBC Sport
see broadcasting for international
Websitewomenscompetitions.thefa.com
Current: 2023–24 Women's Super League

The league replaced the FA Women's Premier League National Division as the highest level of women's football in England, with eight teams competing in the inaugural 2011 season. In the WSL's first two seasons, there was no relegation from the division.

The WSL discarded the winter football season for six years, between 2011 and 2016, playing through the summer instead (from March until October). Since 2017–18, the WSL has operated as a winter league running from September to May, as was traditional before 2011.

From 2014 to 2017–18, the Women's Super League consisted of two divisions – FA WSL 1 and FA WSL 2 – and brought a promotion and relegation system to the WSL. From 2018–19, the second division was renamed the FA Women's Championship.

The WSL champions, runners-up and third-placed team qualify for the UEFA Women's Champions League the following season. The current Women's Super League champions are Chelsea, who won their sixth title in the 2022–23 season.

History

The FA WSL was due to start in 2010 to replace the FA Women's Premier League National Division as the top level of women's football in England but was deferred for a year due to the global economic downturn.[1] Sixteen clubs applied for 8 places in the inaugural season of the league: Arsenal, Barnet, Birmingham City, Bristol Academy, Chelsea, Colchester United, Doncaster Rovers Belles, Everton, Leeds Carnegie, Leicester City, Lincoln Ladies, Liverpool, Millwall Lionesses, Newcastle United, Nottingham Forest, and Sunderland.[2] Leeds Carnegie later withdrew their application.[3] Women's Premier League clubs Blackburn Rovers and Watford declined to apply.[4] FA Chief Executive Ian Watmore described the creation of the league as a "top priority" in February 2010.[5]

The inaugural WSL season kicked off on 13 April 2011 — at Imperial Fields, Chelsea's home ground — with a match between Chelsea and Arsenal, which Chelsea lost 1–0.[6]

Arsenal v Notts County in 2014

For the 2014 season a second division was created named FA WSL 2, with nine teams and one team being relegated from the WSL 1. WSL 1 remained as eight teams, with the WSL 2 having ten teams.[7][8][9][10] The new WSL 1 licence was awarded to Manchester City. Doncaster Rovers Belles were relegated to the WSL 2. They appealed against their demotion but were unsuccessful.[11]

In December 2014, the FA WSL announced a two-year plan to expand the WSL 1 from an eight to a ten-team league. Two teams were promoted from the WSL 2 at the end of the 2015 season, while one team was relegated to the WSL 2 with the same happening at the end of the 2016 season.[12][13] Also, for the first time, a team from the FA Women's Premier League earned a promotion to WSL 2, effectively connecting the WSL to the rest of the English women's football pyramid.[14]

The FA announced in July 2016 that the league would move from a summer league format to a winter one in line with the traditional football calendar in England, with matches played from September to May the following year. A shortened bridging season took place, branded as the FA WSL Spring Series, with teams playing each other once from February to May 2017.[15]

Following the 2017–18 FA WSL season, WSL 1 was renamed back to the FA Women's Super League, becoming a fully professional league for the first time, with eleven teams for the 2018–19 season.[16][17] Teams had to re-apply for their licence to earn their place in the league, requiring clubs to offer their players a minimum 16-hour a week contract and to form a youth academy as compulsory for the new licence criteria. Sunderland was moved down to tier 3 in the women's football pyramid after not receiving a licence whilst Brighton & Hove Albion and West Ham United were added to the league.[18]

The league was extended to twelve teams for the 2019–20 season, with Yeovil Town relegated after going into administration and being replaced by Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur, who gained promotion from the Championship.[19]

In May 2020 the league was curtailed by the covid-19 pandemic. Chelsea were declared champions of the season based on a points-per-game average.[20]

At the conclusion of the 2020–21 campaign, four first-team managers resigned from their positions at WSL clubs Birmingham, Manchester United, Arsenal, and Aston Villa. Birmingham's outgoing manager Carla Ward questioned the commitment of some of the clubs involved in WSL,[21] whilst Manchester United's outgoing manager Casey Stoney allegedly quit because of unresolved issues surrounding lack of training facilities and other infrastructure.[22]

Competition structure
Season(s)Teams
2011–20158
2016–20179
2017–1810
2018–1911
2019–20 onward12

The FA Women's Super League currently consists of twelve clubs. Initially the league was described as professional, with the top four players on each team being paid an annual salary in excess of £20,000.[23] However, in November 2010 it was confirmed that the WSL would be semi-professional, with only a "handful" of top players full-time.[24] Clubs' annual wage bills were expected to be approximately one-tenth of those in the now-defunct American Women's Professional Soccer.[24]

The 2011 season included a mid-season break from 12 May 2011, to allow for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. The season then resumed in early July, finishing in August 2011.[25]

After the league fixtures, the teams compete for a knock-out cup competition, the FA WSL Continental Cup.[26] For the 2014 season, the teams were placed into three regional groups of six. The group winners and best-performing runners-up all advanced to a knockout semi-final.[27] Since the 2015 season, the WSL Continental Cup have been played simultaneously with the league season.

Following a review, the FA announced in September 2017 that a restructuring of the league and its licensing criteria would follow from the 2017–18 season with a goal of a fully professional top division of between 8 and 14 teams and a second division of up to 12 semi-professional teams.[28] For the 2018–19 season, the league became fully professional.[16]

Clubs

The following twelve clubs are competing in the 2023–24 season:

TeamLocationGroundCapacity2022–23 position
ArsenalBorehamwoodMeadow Park4,5023rd
Aston VillaWalsallBescot Stadium11,0005th
Brighton & Hove AlbionCrawleyBroadfield Stadium6,13411th
Bristol CityBristolAshton Gate Stadium27,000WC, 1st
ChelseaKingston upon ThamesKingsmeadow4,8501st
EvertonLiverpoolWalton Hall Park2,2006th
Leicester CityLeicesterKing Power Stadium32,26110th
LiverpoolBirkenheadPrenton Park16,5877th
Manchester CityManchesterAcademy Stadium7,0004th
Manchester UnitedLeighLeigh Sports Village12,0002nd
Tottenham HotspurLeytonBrisbane Road9,2719th
West Ham UnitedDagenhamVictoria Road6,0788th

Players
Arsenal's Ellen White (L) and Steph Houghton (R) with the WSL trophy

In the first season of the WSL clubs were subject to a squad cap of 20 players. This proved unpopular with both managers and players.[29][30] Ahead of the 2012 season, the rule was reviewed and the cap increased to 23 players.[31] Players from outside the European Union, like their male counterparts, are subject to Home Office work permit regulations.[32]

The FA said in April 2012 that the salary rule of allowing only four players per team to earn over £20,000 and that all clubs are paid £70,000 per season from a Club Development Fund should limit any financial "imbalance" between clubs.[33] However, the introduction of a genuine salary cap remained under consideration for 2013 and beyond.[32] Doncaster manager John Buckley revealed that his club lost Rachel Williams and other players to Birmingham City because he was working to a budget eight times smaller than that enjoyed by Birmingham.[34]

When the 2012 WPS season was cancelled in the United States, Lincoln Ladies manager Glen Harris said that the next destination of that league's British players would be decided by "pounds, shillings and pence."[35] Ultimately Kelly Smith, Alex Scott and Gemma Davison all joined Arsenal,[36][37] while Ifeoma Dieke and Anita Asante joined the Swedish Damallsvenskan in preference to the WSL.

On 20 May 2023, Reading manager Kelly Chambers noted that the team — the only WSL club not affiliated with a men's Premier League club – struggled to compete with a smaller budget for wages than women's sides with Premier League backing. She cited the £250,000 fee paid by Tottenham Hotspur for Bethany England, while some Reading staff were required to work multiple roles from lack of investment by its affiliated men's side in the EFL Championship.[38]

Champions
See also: List of English women's football champions
Trophy since the 2018–19 rebranding

By season

Teams in just bold indicate doubles with the Women's FA Cup. Teams in bold and in italics indicate trebles with the Women's FA Cup and FA Women's League Cup.

Year Winners Runners-up Third place Top goalscorer Goals
2011ArsenalBirmingham CityEvertonEngland Rachel Williams (Birmingham City)14
2012ArsenalBirmingham CityEvertonScotland Kim Little (Arsenal)11
2013LiverpoolBristol AcademyArsenalEngland Natasha Dowie (Liverpool)13
2014LiverpoolChelseaBirmingham CityEngland Karen Carney (Birmingham City)8
2015ChelseaManchester CityArsenalEngland Beth Mead (Sunderland)12
2016Manchester CityChelseaArsenalEngland Eniola Aluko (Chelsea)9
2017 (Spring Series)[lower-alpha 1] Chelsea Manchester City Arsenal England Fran Kirby (Chelsea) 6
2017–18ChelseaManchester CityArsenalEngland Ellen White (Birmingham City)15
2018–19ArsenalManchester CityChelseaNetherlands Vivianne Miedema (Arsenal)22
2019–20[lower-alpha 2]ChelseaManchester CityArsenalNetherlands Vivianne Miedema (Arsenal)16
2020–21 ChelseaManchester CityArsenal Australia Sam Kerr (Chelsea)21
2021–22 ChelseaArsenalManchester CityAustralia Sam Kerr (Chelsea)20
2022–23 ChelseaManchester UnitedArsenal England Rachel Daly (Aston Villa)22

By team
Club Winners Runners-up Years won Years runners-up
Chelsea622015, 2017–18, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–232014, 2016
Arsenal312011, 2012, 2018–192021–22
Liverpool202013, 2014
Manchester City1520162015, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21
Birmingham City022011, 2012
Bristol Academy012013
Manchester United012022–23
Notes
  1. The FA WSL Spring Series was an interim edition and is not recognised as an official title as it has not been played throughout the whole season.[39][40][41]
  2. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the season ended early and the league was decided on a points-per-game basis.

Records
Main article: Women's Super League records and statistics
As of 27 May 2023. All current WSL players are in bold.

Most appearances
Rank Player Apps Position First app Last app Ref.
1 England Kerys Harrop 183 Defender 2011 2022–23 [42]
2 England Kate Longhurst 182 Midfielder 2011 2022–23 [43]
3 Wales Sophie Ingle 178 Midfielder 2012 2022–23 [44]
4 England Gilly Flaherty 177 Defender 2011 2022–23 [45]
5 England Jill Scott174Midfielder20112021–22 [46]
6 England Steph Houghton 173Defender20112022–23 [47]
7 England Millie Bright 171 Defender 2011 2022–23 [48]
8 England Jordan Nobbs 168 Midfielder 2011 2022–23 [49]
Jamaica Victoria Williams Defender 2011 2022–23 [50]
10 England Mary Earps 167 Goalkeeper 2011 2022–23 [51]

Top scorers
Rank Player Goals Apps Ratio Position First goal Last goal Ref.
1 Netherlands Vivianne Miedema 78 97 0.8 Forward 2017–18 2022–23 [52]
2 England Bethany England 69 148 0.47 Forward 2012 2022–23 [53]
3 England Ellen White 61 143 0.43 Forward 2011 2021–22 [54]
4 England Fran Kirby 60 93 0.65 Forward 2015 2022–23 [55]
5 England Jordan Nobbs 56 168 0.33 Midfielder 2011 2022–23 [56]
6 England Beth Mead 55 135 0.41 Forward 2015 2022–23 [57]
7 Australia Sam Kerr 54 67 0.81 Forward 2019–20 2022–23 [58]
Scotland Kim Little 124 0.44 Midfielder 2011 2022–23 [59]
England Nikita Parris 148 0.36 Forward 2013 2022–23 [60]
10 England Rachel Williams 45 152 0.3 Forward 2011 2022–23 [61]

Hall of Fame
Further information: FA WSL Hall of Fame

In September 2021, the Women's Super League announced the first inductees into the Barclays FA WSL Hall of Fame, recognising significant individuals who have contributed to the growth of the women's game in England and the WSL.[62]

Finances

Sponsorship

As of 30 November 2022, the WSL's total annual sponsorship revenue was estimated to be about $14.72 million.[63]

In March 2019, the Women's Super League agreed a multi-million sponsorship deal with British bank Barclays from the start of the 2019–20 season. The three-year sponsorship deal is reported to be in excess of £10 million with a prize money pot of £500,000 for the league champions for the first time. The FA described the deal as "the biggest ever investment in UK women's sport by a brand".[64] Barclays renewed the sponsorship with an additional three-year deal on 15 December 2021, doubled its rights fee, and extended its sponsorship to the FA Women's Championship.[65][66]

The league's lead sponsor from 2012 to 2019 was Continental Tyres. Continental sponsored the FA's new commercial programme from 2014 to 2018 including the England women's national football team, FA Women's Cup and the FA WSL Continental Cup in addition to the WSL.[67][68] During the 2011 season, Yorkshire Building Society was also a sponsorship partner along with Continental.[69][24]

Most shirt sponsorships for women's sides affiliated with men's clubs are bundled and not sold or valued separately.[70]

Investment from Premier League clubs

In the 2022–23 season, 11 of the WSL's 12 teams were affiliates of men's Premier League clubs,[71] with the only exception being Reading, who were affiliated with a lower-tier men's side.[38] Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur combined had spent a total of £123.6 million on their women's sides from the league's founding in 2011 to the 2022–23 season. A report in The Telegraph compared this spending to the £186 million those clubs' spent on agents' fees for men's player transactions from 1 February 2022 to 31 January 2023. Those clubs spent £33 million on their women's sides over the same period.[72]

Declined investments

In July 2022, The FA declined a £150 million investment from an unnamed private equity firm to rebrand the league. Baroness Sue Campbell had noted that The FA had refused other private equity offers.[73]

Broadcasting

As of 2021, matches are broadcast and streamed in the United Kingdom and Ireland via the FA Player, Sky Sports, and the BBC (UK only). Internationally, select matches are broadcast in at least 12 countries, including Australia, Canada, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, and Sweden, and the United States.

In the United Kingdom and Ireland

Since 2017–18, many FA WSL games have been broadcast on television by BT Sport, online and red-button by the BBC (UK only), and via the league's Facebook page.[74] BBC Sport has continued to air one game a weekend digitally via their iPlayer service and website,[75] while subscription channel Sky Sports also holds the rights to televise a selection of matches.[76][77]

Since the 2019–20 season, league matches have been streamed via the FA Player, as well as some FA Women's Championship games, highlights from the Women's FA Cup, FA Women's League Cup and international England games.[78][79] Some games in the FA Player are excluded, such as those broadcast on BT Sport in the UK and Ireland due to licensing rights.[80]

In March 2021, the FA WSL announced a new record-breaking three-year domestic television rights deal with Sky Sports and BBC, beginning with the 2021–22 season. Sky would broadcast 44 matches per season with a further 22 matches shown on BBC platforms including a minimum of 18 on BBC One or Two. All other fixtures would remain available to stream for free on the FA Player, the governing body's own over OTT service.[81] Believed to be worth around £8 million a season, it is the biggest broadcast deal of any professional women's football league in the world and marked the first time that the WSL's rights had been sold separately from the men's game.[82]

Previously, FA women's competitions were broadcast on ESPN from 2009 to 2013 as part of a four-year broadcast rights deal.[83] Six live matches were broadcast in 2011 in addition to weekly highlights, with ten games expected to be shown in 2012.[25] ESPN broadcast the opening game of the WSL between Chelsea and Arsenal at Imperial Fields, Morden on 13 April 2011, a game Arsenal won 1–0 with a first half goal by Gilly Flaherty. The second televised game took place on 12 May 2011 as Doncaster Belles lost 1–0 to Everton Ladies at the Keepmoat Stadium, Doncaster.

In 2013, BBC Two broadcast four WSL programmes during the 2013–14 season. Each programme featured goal round-ups, highlights, features and previews of England's World Cup qualifiers.[84]

International
Country/Region Broadcaster
 Albania DAZN[85]
Balkans
 Bulgaria
 Cyprus
 Greece
 Hungary
 Japan
 Italy
 Malta
 Romania
 Spain
 Turkey
 Australia Optus Sport[86]
 Brazil ESPN[87]
 Canada Sportsnet[88]
 Germany Sky Sport[89]
Central America
 Sky Sports
 Dominican Republic
 Mexico
 New Zealand Spark Sport[90]
Scandinavia
 NENT
 United States CBS Sports Network
Paramount+[91]

See also

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