Public execution

People were crucified in ancient Macedonia, Persia, Jerusalem, Phoenicia, Rome, and Carthage.[7]

Public executions were common in China from at least the Tang Dynasty.[8]

In modern China, hundreds of thousands of people were executed during the Cultural Revolution.

There are reports of public executions in early Islam, especially for sodomy.[9]

Documented public executions date back to at least the late medieval period, and peaked in the later sixteenth century.[3] This peak was due in part to the witch trials of the early modern period. In the late Middle Ages, executioners used increasingly brutal methods designed to inflict pain on the victim while still alive and to generate a spectacle in order to deter others from committing crimes.The cruelty of the mode of execution (including the amount victims were tortured before the actual execution) was also more or less extreme depending on the crime itself.[10] Punishments often invoked the "purifying" powers of earth (burial), water (drowning), and fire (burning alive). Victims were also decapitated, quartered, hanged, and beaten.[11] Bodies or body parts were often displayed in public places and authorities took pains to ensure that remains would stay visible for as long as possible.[12][3]

However, the death penalty was not used in all parts of Europe. Vladimir the Great abolished the death penalty in Kievan Rus' following his conversion to Christianity in 988.

During the seventeenth century, premortem torture was used increasingly less, and instead bodies were desecrated after death and for display purposes.[3] By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the number of capital punishments in Western Europe had fallen by about 85% from the previous century as the legal system shifted toward one that considered human rights as well as a more rational approach to criminal justice that centered around identifying the best methods for deterrence.[3][13] However, there were several resurgences throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, especially during times of social unrest.[3] Executions were condemned by eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinkers like Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria.[14] Enlightenment thinkers were not universally opposed to public executions—many anatomists found executions useful because they supplied healthy body parts to study and experiment on.[15] People also found postmortem torture (which was typically part of a public execution) disrespectful to the dead and believed that it could prevent the victim from getting into heaven.[16][3]

Public garroting of 23-year-old
Juan Oliva Moncusí, on 4 January 1879 at the Campo de Guardias in Madrid,
for having attempted to assassinate the King of Spain Alfonso XII.

The first modern abolition of capital punishment was in Tuscany in 1786.

In Europe, the 19th and early 20th centuries saw a shift away from the spectacle of public capital punishment and toward private executions and the deprivation of liberty (e.g. incarceration, probation, community service, etc).[17] This coincided with a general tendency to shield all death from public view.[18]

In Great Britain, 1801 saw the last public execution at Tyburn Hill, after which all executions in York took place within the walls of York Castle (but still publicly) so that "the entrance to the town should not be annoyed by dragging criminals through the streets."[19] In London, those sentenced to death at the Old Bailey would remain at Newgate Prison and wait for their sentences to be carried out in the street. As at Tyburn, the crowds who would come to watch continued to be large and unruly. The last public execution in Great Britain occurred in 1868,[17] after which capital punishment was carried out in the privacy of prisons.

In France, authorities continued public executions up until 1939.[17] Executions were made private after a secret film of serial killer Eugen Weidmann's death by guillotine emerged and scandalized the process. Disturbing reports emerged of spectators soaking up Weidmann's blood in rags for souvenirs, and in response President Albert Lebrun banned public executions in France for "promoting baser instincts of human nature."[20]

Nazi Germany utilized public execution by hanging, shooting, and decapitation.[21]

The last public execution in the United States occurred in 1936.[17] As in Europe, the practice of execution was moved to the privacy of chambers. Viewing remains available for those related to the person being executed, victims' families, and sometimes reporters.

Frances Larson wrote in her 2014 book Severed: A History of Heads Lost and Heads Found:

"For as long as there were public executions, there were crowds to see them. In London in the early 19th century, there might have been 5,000 to watch a standard hanging, but crowds of up to 100,000 came to see a famous felon killed. The numbers hardly changed over the years. An estimated 20,000 watched Rainey Bethea hang in 1936, in what turned out to be the last public execution in the U.S."[22]