Epicephala
Epicephala (leafflower moths) is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae.
| Epicephala | |
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| Epicephala colymbetella | |
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| Genus: | Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 |
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Epicephala is of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because many species in this genus are pollinators of plants in the genera Glochidion, Phyllanthus, and Breynia (Phyllanthaceae). These pollinating Epicephala actively pollinate the flowers of their host plants—thereby ensuring that the plants may produce viable seeds—but also lay eggs in the flowers' ovaries, where their larvae consume a subset of the developing seeds as nourishment.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] This relationship is similar to other specialized pollinating seed-predation mutualisms such as those between figs and fig wasps and yuccas and yucca moths.
Other species of Epicephala consume the seeds of species of Phyllanthus or Flueggea (Phyllanthaceae) as larvae, but do not pollinate their host plants as adults.[4][8] At least some of these species have evolved from pollinating ancestors.[9]
Species
- Epicephala acrobaphes (Turner, 1900)
- Epicephala acrocarpa Meyrick, 1927
- Epicephala albifrons (Stainton, 1859)
- Epicephala albistriatella (Turner, 1894)
- Epicephala ancistropis Meyrick, 1935
- Epicephala ancylopa Meyrick, 1918
- Epicephala angustisaccula Li, 2015
- Epicephala anthophilia Kawakita A, Kato M, 2016
- Epicephala australis (Turner, 1896)
- Epicephala bathrobaphes Turner, 1947
- Epicephala bipollenella Zhang, Hu, Wang & Li, 2012[10]
- Epicephala bromias Meyrick, 1910
- Epicephala calasiris Meyrick, 1908
- Epicephala camurella Li, 2015
- Epicephala colymbetella Meyrick, 1880
- Epicephala corruptrix Kawakita A, Kato M, 2016
- Epicephala domina Li, 2015
- Epicephala epimicta (Turner, 1913)
- Epicephala eriocarpa Zhang, Hu, Wang & Li, 2012[10]
- Epicephala euchalina Meyrick, 1922
- Epicephala eugonia Turner, 1913
- Epicephala exetastis Meyrick, 1908
- Epicephala flagellata Meyrick, 1908
- Epicephala frenata Meyrick, 1908
- Epicephala haplodoxa Vári, 1961
- Epicephala homostola Vári, 1961
- Epicephala impolliniferens Li, 2015
- Epicephala jansei Vári, 1961
- Epicephala laeviclada Li, 2015
- Epicephala lanceolaria Zhang, Hu, Wang & Li, 2012[10]
- Epicephala lanceolatella Kawakita A, Kato M, 2016
- Epicephala lativalvaris Zhang, Hu, Wang & Li, 2012[10]
- Epicephala lomatographa Turner, 1913
- Epicephala microcarpa Li, 2015
- Epicephala mirivalvata Zhang, Hu, Wang & Li, 2012[10]
- Epicephala nephelodes Turner, 1913
- Epicephala nudilingua Kawakita A, Kato M, 2016
- Epicephala obovatella Kawakita A, Kato M, 2016
- Epicephala orientale (Stainton, 1856)
- Epicephala parasitica Kawakita A, Kato M, 2016
- Epicephala pelopepla Vári, 1961
- Epicephala periplecta (Diakonoff, 1955)
- Epicephala perplexa Kawakita A, Kato M, 2016
- Epicephala pyrrhogastra Meyrick, 1908
- Epicephala relictella Kuznetzov, 1979
- Epicephala scythropis Meyrick, 1930
- Epicephala sphenitis Meyrick, 1931
- Epicephala spinula Clarke, 1986
- Epicephala spumosa Turner, 1947
- Epicephala squamella Kuznetzov & Baryshnikova, 2001
- Epicephala stauropa Meyrick, 1908
- Epicephala strepsiploca Meyrick, 1918
- Epicephala subtilis Meyrick, 1922
- Epicephala tephrostola Vári, 1961
- Epicephala tertiaria Li, 2015
- Epicephala trigonophora (Turner, 1900)
- Epicephala venenata Meyrick, 1935
- Epicephala vermiformis Meyrick, 1936
- Epicephala vitisidaea Zhang, Hu, Wang & Li, 2012[10]
- Epicephala zalosticha Turner, 1940
References
- Kato, M.; Takimura, A.; Kawakita, A. (2003) "An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 100 (9): 5264–5267
- Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2004) "Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae)." American Journal of Botany 91: 410–415.
- Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2004) Obligate pollination mutualism in Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae). American Journal of Botany. 91:1319–1325.
- Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2009) "Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association." Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276: 417–426.
- Hembry, D. H.; Okamoto, T.; Gillespie, R. G. (2012) Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists. Biology Letters. 8: 258–261.
- Zhang, J.; Wang, S.; Li, H.; Hu, B.; Yang, X.; Wang, Z. (2012) "Diffuse coevolution between two Epicephala species (Gracillariidae) and two Breynia species (Phyllanthaceae). PLOS ONE. 7: e41657.
- Luo, S.-X.; Yao, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, D.; Hembry, D. H. (2017) "A novel, enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts, partner replacement, and apparent co-adaptation in intimate mutualisms." The American Naturalist. 189: 422–435.
- Hu, B.; Wang, S.; Zhang, J.; Li, H. (2011) "Taxonomy and biology of two seed-parasitic gracillariid moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), with description of a new species." ZooKeys. 83, 43–56
- Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. 2009. "Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association." Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276: 417–426.
- Zhang, J., Hu, B., Wang, S. & Li, H. (2012). "Six new species of Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) associated with Phyllanthaceae plants." Zootaxa 3275: 43-54.
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