Phagolysosome

In biology, a phagolysosome, or endolysosome, is a cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome in a process that occurs during phagocytosis. Formation of phagolysosomes is essential for the intracellular destruction of microorganisms and pathogens. It takes place when the phagosome's and lysosome's membranes 'collide', at which point the lysosomal contents—including hydrolytic enzymes—are discharged into the phagosome in an explosive manner and digest the particles that the phagosome had ingested. Some products of the digestion are useful materials and are moved into the cytoplasm; others are exported by exocytosis.

The process of phagocytosis showing phagolysosome formation. Lysosome(shown in green) fuses with phagosome to form a phagolysosome.

Membrane fusion of the phagosome and lysosome is regulated by the Rab5 protein,[1] a G protein that allows the exchange of material between these two organelles but prevents complete fusion of their membranes.[1]

Function

Phagolysosomes function by reducing the pH of their internal environment, thus making them acidic. This serves as a defense mechanism against microbes and other harmful parasites and also provides a suitable medium for degradative enzyme activity.[2]

Microbes are destroyed within phagolysosomes by a combination of oxidative and non-oxidative processes. The oxidative process, also known as respiratory burst includes the "non-mitochondrial" production of reactive oxygen species.[3]

By lowering pH and concentrations of sources of carbon and nitrogen, phagolysomes inhibit growth of fungi. An example is the inhibition of hyphae in Candida albicans.[4]

In human neutrophils, the phagolysosomes destroy pathogens also by producing hypochlorous acid.[5]

Pathogens that hijack phagolysosomes

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, thrives and replicates in the acidic phagolysosomes of its host cell.[6] The acidity of the phagolysosome is essential for C.burnetii to transport glucose, glutamate, and proline, as well as for its synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins.[7]

Similarly, when in its amastigote stage, Leishmania obtains all its purine sources, various vitamins, and a number of its essential amino acids from the phagolysosome of its host. Leishmania also obtain heme from the proteolysis of proteins in the host phagolysosome .[8]

References
  1. Duclos, S.; Diez, R.; Garin, J.; Papadopoulou, B.; Descoteaux, A.; Stenmark, H.; Desjardins, M. (2000-10-01). "Rab5 regulates the kiss and run fusion between phagosomes and endosomes and the acquisition of phagosome leishmanicidal properties in RAW 264.7 macrophages". Journal of Cell Science. 113 (19): 3531–3541. doi:10.1242/jcs.113.19.3531. ISSN 0021-9533. PMID 10984443.
  2. Levitz, S. M.; Nong, S. H.; Seetoo, K. F.; Harrison, T. S.; Speizer, R. A.; Simons, E. R. (1999-02-01). "Cryptococcus neoformans resides in an acidic phagolysosome of human macrophages". Infection and Immunity. 67 (2): 885–890. doi:10.1128/IAI.67.2.885-890.1999. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 96400. PMID 9916104.
  3. Urban, Constantin F.; Lourido, Sebastian; Zychlinsky, Arturo (2006-11-01). "How do microbes evade neutrophil killing?". Cellular Microbiology. 8 (11): 1687–1696. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00792.x. ISSN 1462-5814. PMID 16939535. S2CID 33708929.
  4. Erwig, Lars P.; Gow, Neil A. R. (2016-03-01). "Interactions of fungal pathogens with phagocytes". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 14 (3): 163–176. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2015.21. ISSN 1740-1534. PMID 26853116. S2CID 19668359.
  5. Painter, Richard G.; Wang, Guoshun (2006-05-01). "Direct measurement of free chloride concentrations in the phagolysosomes of human neutrophils". Analytical Chemistry. 78 (9): 3133–3137. doi:10.1021/ac0521706. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 16643004.
  6. Maurin, M.; Benoliel, A. M.; Bongrand, P.; Raoult, D. (1992-12-01). "Phagolysosomes of Coxiella burnetii-infected cell lines maintain an acidic pH during persistent infection". Infection and Immunity. 60 (12): 5013–5016. doi:10.1128/iai.60.12.5013-5016.1992. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 258270. PMID 1452331.
  7. Howe, Dale; Mallavia, Louis P. (2016-11-19). "Coxiella burnetii Exhibits Morphological Change and Delays Phagolysosomal Fusion after Internalization by J774A.1 Cells". Infection and Immunity. 68 (7): 3815–3821. doi:10.1128/iai.68.7.3815-3821.2000. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 101653. PMID 10858189.
  8. McConville, Malcolm J.; De Souza, David; Saunders, Eleanor; Likic, Vladimir A.; Naderer, Thomas (August 2007). "Living in a phagolysosome; metabolism of Leishmania amastigotes". Trends in Parasitology. 23 (8): 368–375. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2007.06.009. PMID 17606406.


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