Edward Tatum
Edward Lawrie Tatum (December 14, 1909 – November 5, 1975) was an American geneticist. He shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 with George Beadle for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism. The other half of that year's award went to Joshua Lederberg.[1] Tatum was an elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences,[2] the American Philosophical Society,[3] and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[4]
Edward Tatum | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Edward Lawrie Tatum December 14, 1909 Boulder, Colorado, United States |
| Died | November 5, 1975 (aged 65) New York City, United States |
| Alma mater | University of Chicago University of Wisconsin–Madison |
| Known for | Gene regulation of biochemical events within cells |
| Awards | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Genetics |
| Institutions | Stanford University Yale University Rockefeller Institute |
| Doctoral students | |
| Other notable students | Esther M. Lederberg |
Education
Edward Lawrie Tatum was born on December 14, 1909 in Boulder, Colorado[5] to Arthur L. Tatum and Mabel Webb Tatum. Arthur L. Tatum was a chemistry professor, who by 1925 was a professor of pharmacology at the University of Wisconsin at Madison.[1]
Edward Lawrie Tatum attended college at the University of Chicago for two years,[6] before transferring to the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he received his BA in 1931 and PhD in 1934.[7] His dissertation was Studies in the biochemistry of microorganisms (1934).[1]
Career
Starting in 1937, Tatum worked at Stanford University, where he began his collaboration with Beadle. He then moved to Yale University in 1945 where he mentored Lederberg. He returned to Stanford in 1948 and then joined the faculty of Rockefeller Institute in 1957.[5][1] He remained there until his death on November 5, 1975, in New York City. A heavy cigarette smoker, Tatum died of heart failure complicated by chronic emphysema.[1]
Research
Tatum and Beadle carried out pioneering studies of biochemical mutations in Neurospora, published in 1941. Their work provided a prototype of the investigation of gene action[1] and a new and effective experimental methodology for the analysis of mutations in biochemical pathways.[5] Beadle and Tatum's key experiments involved exposing the bread mold Neurospora crassa to x-rays, causing mutations. In a series of experiments, they showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. This led them to propose a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis.[8][1][5][9]
Tatum spent his career studying biosynthetic pathways and the genetics of bacteria. An active area of research in his laboratory was to understand the basis of Tryptophan biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Tatum and his student Joshua Lederberg showed that E. coli could share genetic information through recombination.[1][5]
Awards and honors
- 1959, Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[4]
- 1958, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with George Beadle and Joshua Lederberg) for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism.
- 1957, Member, American Philosophical Society,[3]
- 1952, Member, United States National Academy of Sciences,[2]
References
- Lederberg, Joshua (1990). "Edward Lawrie Tatum 1909—1975" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. National Academy Press. 59.
- "Edward Tatum". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
- "American Philosophical Society Member History : Edward Lawrie Tatum". American Philosophical Society. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
- "Edward Lawrie Tatum". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
- Lederberg, Joshua (December 1979). "Edward Lawrie Tatum". Annual Review of Genetics. 13 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.13.120179.000245. ISSN 0066-4197. PMID 395892. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- McMurray, Emily J.; Kosek, Jane Kelly; Valade, Roger M. (1995). Notable Twentieth-century Scientists: S-Z. Gale Research. p. 1970. ISBN 0810391856.
- "Edward Tatum - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
- Adelberg, Edward A. (October 1998). "The right place at the right time". Annual Review of Microbiology. 52 (1): 1–40. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.1. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 9891792. S2CID 2602864. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- Yanofsky, C (February 2005). "The favorable features of tryptophan synthase for proving Beadle and Tatum's one gene-one enzyme hypothesis". Genetics. 169 (2): 511–6. doi:10.1093/genetics/169.2.511. PMC 1449131. PMID 15731515.