Linnaea

Linnaea is a plant genus in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae. Until 2013, the genus included a single species, Linnaea borealis. In 2013, on the basis of molecular phylogenetic evidence, the genus was expanded to include species formerly placed in Abelia (excluding section Zabelia), Diabelia, Dipelta, Kolkwitzia and Vesalea. However, this is rejected by the majority of subsequent scientific literature and flora.

For the female given name, see Linnéa.
Not to be confused with Dyschoriste oblongifolia, known as twinflower.
"Twin Flower" redirects here. For the 2018 film, see Twin Flower (film).

Linnaea
Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora in flower, near the Matanuska Glacier in Alaska
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Subfamily: Linnaeoideae
Genus: Linnaea
L.
Type species
Linnaea borealis
Species

See text

Synonyms

Homotypic

  • Linnaea subg. Eulinnaea Graebn.
  • Linnea Neck. (nom. inval.)
  • Linneusia Raf. (nom. illeg.)
  • Obolaria Kuntze (nom. illeg. non L.)

Heterotypic

  • Linnaea sect. Erythrochromae Wittr.
  • Linnaea sect. Mesochromae Wittr.
  • Linnaea sect. Polychromae Wittr.
  • Linnaea sect. Xanthochromae Wittr.

Linnaea borealis was a favorite of Carl Linnaeus, founder of the modern system of binomial nomenclature, for whom the genus was named.

Taxonomy

The genus Linnaea was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus. The name had been used earlier by the Dutch botanist Jan Frederik Gronovius, and was given in honour of Linnaeus. Linnaeus adopted the name in 1753 in Species Plantarum for the then sole species Linnaea borealis, because it was his favourite plant.[1]

Most botanists resisted placing other species in the genus, treating Linnaea as a monotypic genus. However, molecular phylogenetic studies from 2001 onwards showed that a number of genera were related to Linnaea (the "Linnaea clade"), although one of them, Abelia, was not monophyletic. In 2013, to maintain monophyletic genera, Maarten Christenhusz proposed merging Abelia (excluding section Zabelia), Diabelia, Dipelta, Kolkwitzia and Vesalea into Linnaea.[1] This proposal has been adopted by some secondary sources, including briefly by Plants of the World Online (POWO).[2][3] However, other sources prefer to maintain the segregation of Linnaeoideae into the traditional genera on grounds of morphology, biogeography and nomenclatural simplicity.[4][5][6] POWO, in 2022 list Diabelia,[7] and Vesalea as a separate species.[8] The World Flora Online (WFO), which now supersedes The Plant List (TPL), maintains Abelia as the accepted genus for example of Abelia × grandiflora, for which Linnaea × grandiflora is not listed as a synonym.[9]

Former species

Not accepted by POWO,[10] or WFO.

  • Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. - Linnaea amabilis (Graebn.) Christenh. – China (Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi); rare in the wild but widely cultivated in China, Japan, Europe and North America
  • Linnaea borealis L. – circumboreal and subarctic (Canada, northern and central USA, Greenland, northern Britain, Fennoscandia, Baltic States, Mainland Europe south to the Alps, and the Balkans, Ukraine, Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, northern Japan)
  • Linnaea chinensis (R.Br.) A.Braun & Vatke – China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), northern Vietnam, Taiwan; commonly cultivated in China and Japan, occasionally in Europe and North America
  • Linnaea coriacea (Hemsl.) Christenh. – Mexico (Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí)
  • Linnaea dipelta Christenh. – China (Gansu, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan)
  • Linnaea elegans (Batalin) Christenh. – China (Gansu, Sichuan)
  • Linnaea engleriana Graebn.
  • Linnaea floribunda (M.Mart. & Galeotti) – Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz)
  • Linnaea forrestii Diels – south-central China (southwestern Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan)
  • Linnaea × grandiflora (André) Christenh. – garden hybrid of L. chinensis and L. uniflora, only known from cultivation
  • Linnaea grandifolia (Villareal) Christenh. – Central Mexico (Querétaro)
  • Linnaea macrotera Graebn. & Buchw.
  • Linnaea mexicana (Villareal) Christenh. – south-central Mexico (Oaxaca)
  • Linnaea occidentalis (Villareal) Christenh. – Mexico (Durango)
  • Linnaea parvifolia (Hemsl.) Graebn.
  • Linnaea serrata (Siebold & Zucc.) Graebner – China (Zhejiang), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku)
  • Linnaea spathulata (Siebold & Zucc.) Graebner – China (Zhejiang), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku)
  • Linnaea tetrasepala (Koidz.) Christenh. – Japan (Honshu, Shikoku)
  • Linnaea uniflora (R.Br.) A.Br. & Vatke – China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); frequently cultivated
  • Linnaea yunnanensis (Franch.) Christenh. – China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), and adjacent Burma

Cultivation

Several species of Linnaea are in cultivation. In the UK, plants are widely listed under the name Abelia. Though not fully hardy, they are easy to grow in a sheltered, sunny position. The cultivar ‘Edward Goucher’ has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.[11][12]

References
  1. Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. (2013), "Twins are not alone: a recircumscription of Linnaea (Caprifoliaceae)", Phytotaxa, 125 (1): 25–32, doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.125.1.4
  2. "Linnea", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2018-01-22
  3. "Beauty bush (Linnaea amabilis)". iNaturalist. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
  4. Landrein, S., Prenner, G. (2013), "Unequal twins? Inflorescence evolution in the twinflower tribe Linnaeeae (Caprifoliaceae sl).", International Journal of Plant Sciences, 174 (2): 200–233, doi:10.1086/668251, S2CID 83910646{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. Wang, H.-F. (2015), "Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic diversification of Linnaeoideae (Caprifoliaceae s.l.) disjunctly distributed in Eurasia, North America and Mexico.", PLOS ONE, 10 (3): e0116485, Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1016485W, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116485, PMC 4355296, PMID 25756215
  6. "Linnea", Hassler, M. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World (2019)., Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi, J., Penev L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, retrieved 2019-08-16}
  7. "Diabelia Landrein | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  8. "Vesalea M.Martens & Galeotti | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  9. WFO (2021): Abelia × grandiflora (Ravelli ex André)
  10. "Linnaea Gronov. ex L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  11. "Abelia 'Edward Goucher'". www.rhs.org. RHS. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  12. "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 1. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  • Media related to Linnaea at Wikimedia Commons
  • Data related to Linnaea at Wikispecies
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