Terfeziaceae

Fruit-bodies (ascomata) are large, more or less spherical to turbinate (top-shaped), thick-walled, and solid. The asci are formed in marbled veins interspersed with sterile tissue. The asci are cylindrical to spherical, indehiscent (not splitting open at maturity), and sometimes stain blue in iodine. Ascospores are hyaline to pale brown, spherical, and uninucleate.[1]

Desert truffles, as the name suggests, predominantly grow in the desert. They have been found in arid and semi-arid zones of the Kalahari desert, the Mediterranean basin, Syria, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, the Negev desert in Palestine, the Sahara, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Libya, Spain, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, Croatia, and China.[2][3] They can be formed near Sunrose (Helianthemum) plants, but they are very rare to find and can't be cultivated (thus justifying their cost).

Desert truffles do not have the same flavor as European truffles, but tend to be more common and thus more affordable. Forest truffles (genus Tuber) typically cost $1000 per kilogram, and Italian truffles may sell for up to $2,200 per kilogram, while Terfezia truffles sold as of 2002 in Riyadh for $200 to $305 a kilo, and in recent years have reached, but not yet exceeded, $570.[4] Israeli agricultural scientists have been attempting to domesticate Terfezia boudieri into a commercial crop.[5]

Desert truffles go by several different names. In Iran they are called Donbalan or Dombal. In Turkish they are called Domalan in Turkiye, also Keme on the Syrian-Turkiye border. In Algeria and Tunisia they are called terfez; the Bedouin of the Western Desert call them terfas ترفاس. The Kuwaitis call them fagga فقع‎, the Saudis فقع‎ faq'h, and in Syria, and in Libya terfase ترفاس‎; they are known by their classical Arabic name, kamaa كمأ. Iraqis call them kamaa, kima or chima كمأ‎, depending on local dialects and in Oman they are faqah فقع‎. The Hebrew word is kmehin (kmeha in singular). In southern Spain, they are known as turmas or criadillas and in the Canary Islands they are known as papas crias. In Botswana they are called mahupu. In Hungary they are known as homoki szarvasgomba ('sand truffles') and are sold to English-speaking nations as honey truffles.[6]

In Saudi Arabia, there are two varieties; khalasi are oval with a black skin and a pinkish-ivory interior, and zubaidi have a cream colour but are generally more expensive.

In oceanic countries, there is some confusion regarding the desert truffle, as the yam is often referred to as the common desert truffle as well.[7]

• Terfezia arenaria
• Terfezia boudieri
• Terfezia claveryi
• Terfezia leptoderma
• Terfezia terfezioides – phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear rDNA sequences strongly suggest that this species be reassigned to the original monotypic genus Mattirolomyces.[8]

• Tirmania honrubiae Morte, Bordallo & Ant. Rodr. (2018)[9]
• Tirmania nivea (Desf.) Trappe (1971)
• Tirmania pinoyi (Maire) Malençon (1973)

• Mattirolomyces austroafricanus (Marasas & Trappe) Kovács, Trappe & Claridge (2010)[10]
• Mattirolomyces mexicanus Kovács, Trappe & Alsheikh (2011)
• Mattirolomyces mulpu Kovács, Trappe & Claridge (2010)
• Mattirolomyces spinosus (Harkn.) Kovács, Trappe & Alsheikh (2011)
• Mattirolomyces terfezioides (Mattir.) E. Fisch. (1938)

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• Dıéz J, Manjón JL, Martin F. (2002) Molecular phylogeny of the mycorrhizal desert truffles (Terfezia and Tirmania), host specificity and edaphic tolerance. Mycologia 94(2): 247–259.