Delville Wood order of battle

Battle of Delville Wood
	Part of the Battle of the Somme in the First World War
Date	14 July – 15 September 1916
Location	Delville Wood, Longueval, the Somme, France50.0278°N 2.8099°E
Result	British victory
Belligerents
British Empire South Africa; United Kingdom;	German Empire
Commanders and leaders
Douglas Haig; Henry Rawlinson	General–Major Fritz von Below; Max von Gallwitz
Strength
	9 divisions, 1 brigade
	Only brigades and battalions that participated in the actions associated with the Battle of Delville Wood are shown. For details on the full organisation, see the Order of Battle for the Somme.

The Battle of Delville Wood was fought from 14 July to 3 September 1916, one of the twelve battles of the Somme in 1916. It was fought by the British and French against the army of the German Empire in the Somme River valley in northern France. The battle was the début of the 1st South African Brigade (part of the 9th (Scottish) Division) on the Western Front, which captured Delville Wood and held it from 15 to 19 July. The casualties of the brigade were similar to those of many British brigades on First day on the Somme (1 July 1916).[1]

Delville Wood is well preserved with the remains of trenches, a museum and monument to the 1st South African Brigade. After the relief of the South Africans the battle for the wood continued until the end of August, when the last German footholds were captured by the 43rd Brigade of the 14th (Light) Division on 27 August. A large German counter-attack on 31 August regained part of the north edge of the wood until British attacks from 4 to 8 September, which secured the wood until the battles of 1918.[2]

Orders of Battle

British and Dominion forces

Map of the Longueval and Delville Wood area (commune FR insee code 80378)

Order of battle for actions associated with the capture of Trônes Wood: 14–15 July 1916.

14th (Light) Division 14–15 July 1916[3]
Commander: Major-General V. A. Couper
Infantry:	41st Brigade	7th Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
		8th Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
		7th Battalion, Rifle Brigade
		8th Battalion, Rifle Brigade
	42nd Brigade	5th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
		5th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry
		9th Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
		9th Battalion, Rifle Brigade
	43rd Brigade	6th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry Regiment
		6th Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
		6th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry
		10th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry Regiment
Engineers and Support:	11th Battalion, King's Regiment (Pioneers)

18th (Eastern) Division 14–15 July 1916[4]
Commander: Major General I. Maxse
Infantry:	53rd Brigade	8th Battalion, Norfolk Regiment
		8th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment
		10th Battalion, Essex Regiment
		6th Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment
	54th Brigade	11th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers
		7th Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment
		8th Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment
		12th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment
	55th Brigade	7th Battalion, Queen's Regiment
		7th Battalion, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)
		8th Battalion, East Surrey Regiment
		7th Battalion, Royal West Kent Regiment
Engineers and Support:	8th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment

Order of battle for actions associated with the capture of Longueval: 14–17 July 1916.

3rd Division [5]
Commander: Major-General J. A. Haldane then Major-General C. J. Deverell
Infantry:	8th Brigade	2nd Battalion, Royal Scots
		8th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment
		7th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry
		1st Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers
	9th Brigade	1st Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers
		4th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers
		13th Battalion, King’s Regiment
		12th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment
	76th Brigade	8th Battalion, The King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment)
		2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment
		10th Battalion, Royal Welsh Regiment
		1st Battalion, Gordon Highlanders
Engineers and Support:	20th Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps

9th (Scottish) Division[6]
Commander: Major-General W. T. Furse
Infantry:	26th Brigade	8th Battalion, Black Watch
		7th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders
		5th Battalion, Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders
		10th Battalion, Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders
	27th Brigade	11th Battalion, Royal Scots
		12th Battalion, Royal Scots
		6th Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers
		9th Battalion, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
	South African Brigade Major-General Sir Henry Lukin KCB CMG DSO	1st South African Battalion (Cape)
		4th South African Battalion (Scottish)
Engineers and Support:	9th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders (Pioneers)

Order of battle for actions associated with the first capture of Delville Wood: 14 July – 3 September 1916

2nd Division 27 July – 4 August 1916[7]
Commander: Major General C. Monro
Infantry:	99th Brigade	22nd Battalion, Royal Fusiliers
		23rd Battalion, Royal Fusiliers
		1st Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment
		1st Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
Engineers and Support:	10th Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (Pioneers)

3rd Division 17–22 July 1916[5]
Commander: Major-General J. A. Haldane then Major-General C. J. Deverell
Infantry:	76th Brigade	8th Battalion, The King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment)
		2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment
		10th Battalion, Royal Welsh Regiment
		1st Battalion, Gordon Highlanders
Engineers and Support:	20th Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps

9th (Scottish) Division 14–22 July 1916[6]
Commander: Major-General W. T. Furse
Infantry:	26th Brigade	8th Battalion, Black Watch
		7th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders
		5th Battalion, Queens Own Cameron Highlanders
		10th Battalion, Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders
	27th Brigade	11th Battalion, Royal Scots
		12th Battalion, Royal Scots
		6th Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers
		9th Battalion, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
	South African Brigade Major-General Sir Henry Timson Lukin KCB CMG DSO	1st South African Battalion (Cape)
		2nd South African Battalion (Natal & OFS)
		3rd South African Battalion (Transvaal & Rhodesia)
		4th South African Battalion (Scottish)
Engineers and Support:	9th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders (Pioneers)

17th (Northern) Division 4–11 August 1916[8]
Commander: Major-General P. R. Robertson
Infantry:	50th Brigade	10th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment
		7th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment
		7th Battalion, Green Howards Regiment
		6th Battalion, Dorset Regiment
	51st Brigade	7th Battalion, Royal Lincolnshire Regiment
		7th Battalion, Border Regiment
		8th Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment
		10th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters Regiment
	52nd Brigade	9th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers
		10th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers
		9th Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment
		12th Battalion, Manchester Regiment
Engineers and Support:	7th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment

20th (Light) Division 11 August – 3 September 1916[9]
Commander: Major-General W. Douglas Smith
Infantry:	61st Brigade	7th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry Regiment
		7th Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry Regiment
		7th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry
		12th Battalion, King's Regiment
Engineers and Support:	11th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry Regiment

24th Division 30 August – 3 September 1916[10]
Commander: Major-General J. E. Capper
Infantry:	72nd Brigade	8th Battalion, Queen's Regiment
		9th Battalion, East Surrey Regiment
		8th Battalion, Royal West Kent Regiment
		1st Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment
	73rd Brigade	9th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment
		7th Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment
		13th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment
		2nd Battalion, Leinster Regiment
Engineers and Support:	12th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters Regiment

Order of battle for actions associated with holding Delville Wood: 4 September 1916 – April 1917

14th (Light) Division[3]
Commander: Major-General V. A. Couper
Infantry:	41st Brigade	7th Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
		8th Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
		7th Battalion, Rifle Brigade
		8th Battalion, Rifle Brigade
	42nd Brigade	5th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
		5th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry
		9th Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
		9th Battalion, Rifle Brigade
	43rd Brigade	6th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry Regiment
		6th Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
		6th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry
		10th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry Regiment
Engineers and Support:	11th Battalion, King's Regiment (Pioneers)

Order of battle for actions associated with the second capture of Delville Wood: 1 – 28 August 1918

38th (Welsh) Division[11]
Commander: Major-General I. Phillips then Major-General C. G. Blackader
Infantry:	113th Brigade	13th Bn, (1st North Wales), Royal Welsh Fusiliers
		14th Bn, Royal Welsh Fusiliers
		15th Bn, (1st London Welsh), Royal Welsh Fusiliers
		16th Bn, Royal Welsh Fusiliers
	114th Brigade	10th Battalion (1st Rhondda), Royal Welsh Regiment
		13th Battalion (2nd Rhondda), Royal Welsh Regiment
		15th Battalion (Carmarthenshire), Royal Welsh Regiment
		14th Battalion (Swansea), Royal Welsh Regiment
	115th Brigade	17th Bn, (2nd North Wales), Royal Welsh Fusiliers
		10th Bn, (1st Gwent), South Wales Borderers
		11th Bn, (2nd Gwent), South Wales Borderers
		16th Bn, (Cardiff City), Royal Welsh Regiment
Engineers and Support:	19th Battalion (Glamorgan Pioneers), Royal Welsh Regiment

South African casualties

1st South African Brigade: Casualties during the Battle of Delville Wood 14–20 July 1916[12]
Brigade / Unit	Unit strength 14 July			Killed			Wounded			Missing / POW			Died of wounds to October			Total Casualties			Effective unit strength after 20 July
	Off*	Other Ranks	Total	Off*	Other Ranks	Total	Off*	Other Ranks	Total	Off*	Other Ranks	Total	Off*	Other Ranks	Total	Off*	Other Ranks	Total	Off*	Other Ranks	Total
1st Battalion	31	748	779	7	108	115	17	346	363	2	73	75	1	29	30	27	556	583	4	192	196
2nd Battalion	28	669	697	11	95	106	12	373	385	0	92	92	3	25	28	26	585	611	2	84	86
3rd Battalion	29	847	876	8	120	128	15	403	418	6	225	231	0	30	30	29	778	807	0	69	69
4th Battalion	27	672	699	4	104	108	15	293	308	1	84	85	0	32	32	20	513	533	7	159	166
Other	8	96	104	0	0	0	2	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	2	6	96	102
Total	123	3,032	3,155	30	427	457	61	1,415	1,476	9	474	483	4	116	120	104	2,432	2,536	19	600	619

Note: * = Officers

German Forces

Order of battle for forces of the German Empire for actions in Trônes Wood, Longueval and Delville Wood: 14 July – 3 September 1916

3rd Guard Division [13]
Commander: Generalmajor von Lindequist
Infantry:	Garde–Infanterie–Brigade Nr. 6	Garde–Füsilier–Regiment
		Lehr Infantry Regiment
		Colbergsches-Grenadier-Regiment Graf Gneisenau Nr. 9
Cavalry:	Garde Reserve Ulanen Regiment
Artillery:	Garde–Artillerie–Brigade Nr. 63	Garde–Feldartillerie–Regiment Nr. 5
		II.Bataillon/Reserve–Fußartillerie–Regiment Nr. 6
Engineers and Support:	1. Kompanie/Pionier–Bataillon Nr. 28	Pionier–Kompanie Nr. 274
	Garde–Minenwerfer–Kompanie Nr. 3	3rd Guards Telephone Detachment

5th Division [13]
Commander: Generalleutnant Wichura
Infantry:	Infanterie–Brigade (Brandenburgisches) Nr. 10	Grenadier–Regiment Nr. 8
		Infanterie–Regiment von Alvensleben (6. Brandenburgisches) Nr. 52
		Grenadier–Regiment Prinz Karl von Preußen (2. Brandenburgisches) Nr. 12
		Field Machine Gun Company
Cavalry:	1/2" Husaren–Regiment von Zieten (Brandenburgisches) Nr. 3
Artillery:	5.Feldartillerie–Brigade (Brandenburgisches)	Feldartillerie–Regiment General–Feldzeugmeister (2. Brandenburgisches) Nr. 18
		Neumärkisches Feldartillerie–Regiment Nr. 54
Engineers and Support:	1./Pionier–Bataillon von Rauch (1. Brandenb.) Nr. 3	3./Pionier–Bataillon von Rauch (1. Brandenburgisches) Nr. 3
	Minenwerfer–Kompanie (Brandenburg) Nr. 5	5th Brandenburg Telephone Detachment

5th Bavarian Division [14]
Commander: Generalleutnant Endres
Infantry:	9. bayerische Infanterie–Brigade	Kgl. Bayerisches 14. Infanterie–Regiment Hartmann
		Kgl. Bayerisches 21. Infanterie–Regiment Großherzog von Mecklenburg–Schwerin
	10. bayerische Infanterie–Brigade	Kgl. Bayerisches 7. Infanterie–Regiment Prinz Leopold ment
		Kgl. Bayerisches 19. Infanterie–Regiment König Viktor Emanuel III. von Italien
Cavalry:	Kgl. Bayerisches 2. Chevaulegers–Regiment (2 Sqn's)
Artillery:	5. bayerische Feldartillerie–Brigade	Kgl. Bayerisches 6. Feldartillerie–Regiment Prinz Ferdinand von Bourbon, Herzog von Calab
		Kgl. Bayerisches 10. Feldartillerie–Regiment
		Flugabwehrkanone–Abteilung (Anti–Aircraft section)
Engineers and Support:	Minenwerfer–Kompanie (Bayerisches) Nr. 5	1 & 4.Kompanie/Kgl. Bayerisches 3. Pionier–Bataillon
	5th Bavarian Pont. Engineers	5th Bavarian Telephone Detachment
	84th Labour Battalion	1st Bavarian Balloon Squadron

7th Division [13]
Commander: Generalleutnant Riedel
Infantry:	13. Infanterie–Brigade	Infanterie–Regiment Fürst Leopold von Anhalt–Dessau (1. Magdeburgisches) Nr.26
Cavalry:	2.Eskadron/Magdeburgisches Husaren–Regiment Nr. 10
Artillery:	Artillerie–Kommandeur 7	Feldartillerie–Regiment Prinz–Regent Luitpold von Bayern (Magdeburgisches) Nr. 4
		Altmärkisches Feldartillerie–Regiment Nr. 40
Engineers and Support:	1./Magdeburgisches Pionier–Bataillon Nr. 4.	7 Pont Engineers
	7th Telephone Detachment

8th Division [13]
Commander: General der Infanterie Ernst II. Herzog von Sachsen–Altenburg
Infantry:	15. Infanterie–Brigade	Altenburger Regiment 8.
		Thüringisches Infanterie–Regiment Nr. 93
	16. Infanterie–Brigade	Thüringische Infanterie–Regiment Nr.72
		Thüringisches Infanterie–Regiment Nr. 153
Cavalry:	"1/2" Magdeburgisches Husaren–Regiment Nr. 10
Artillery:	8. Feldartillerie–Brigade	Torgauer Feldartillerie–Regiment Nr.74
		Mansfelder Feldartillerie–Regiment Nr.75
Engineers and Support:	Minenwerfer–Kompanie Nr. 8	2./Magdeburgisches Pionier–Bataillon Nr. 4
	3./Magdeburgisches Pionier–Bataillon Nr. 4	8th Telephone Detachment

10th Bavarian Division [14]
Commander: Generalmajor Burkhardt
Infantry:	20. bayerische Infanterie–Brigade	Königlich Bayerische 16. Infanterie–Regiment Grossherzog Ferdinand von Toskana
		Bayerische 6. Reserve–Infanterie–Regiment
		Bayerische 8. Reserve–Infanterie–Regiment
Cavalry:	Bayerische 5. Kavallerie–Regiment
Artillery:	10. bayerische Feldartillerie–Brigade	Bayerisches 19. Feldartillerie–Regiment
		Bayerisches 20. Feldartillerie–Regiment
Engineers and Support:	Minenwerfer–Kompanie (Bayerisches) Nr. 10	20 Kompanie Nr. 4 (Bayerisches) Pionier–Bataillon
	10th Pont. Engineers	10th Telephone Detachment

12th Reserve Division [14]
Commander: Generalmajor von Kehler
Infantry:	22. Reserve–Infanterie–Brigade	Remains of the Infanterie–Regiment von Winterfeldt (2. Oberschlesisches) Nr.23
		Fusilier–Regiment Feldmarschall Graf Moltke (1.Schlesisches) Nr.38 (Ehrenstein–Riebel Bn)
Cavalry:	Reserve–Ulanen–Regiment Nr. 4
Artillery:	Reserve–Feldartillerie–Regiment Nr. 12	7. & 32. Flugabwehrkanone–Abteilung (Anti–Aircraft sections)
Engineers and Support:	Reserve Minenwerfer–Kompanie Nr. 212	1.Reserve–Kompanie/Pionier–Bataillon Nr. 6
	2.Reserve–Kompanie/Pionier–Bataillon Nr. 6	12th Reserve Telephone Detachment
	8. bayerische Arbeit–Bataillon

17th Reserve Division [14]
Commander: Generalmajor von Zieten
Infantry:	33rd Reserve Brigade	Reserve Infanterie Regiment Nr.75
		Schleswig–Holsteinisches Infanterie Regiment Nr. 163
Cavalry:	Reserve Hussar Regiment Nr. 4
Artillery:	17th Reserve Feldartillerie–Regiment (10 Bty's)
Engineers and Support:	4 Field Co	2.Pion Bn Nr. 9
	Pionier Kompanie Nr. 340	Minenwerfer–Kompanie Nr.217
	17 Res Pont Engineers

24th Saxon Reserve Division [14]
Commander: Generalmajor Morgenstern–Doring
Infantry:	Königlich Sächsische Reserve Infanterie Regiment Nr. 104	Königlich Sächsische Reserve Infanterie Regiment Nr. 107
		Königlich Sächsische Reserve Infanterie Regiment Nr. 133
Cavalry:	Kgl. Sächs. Reserve-Ulanen-Regiment (3x Sqn)
Artillery:	24th Reserve Feldartillerie–Regiment (6 Bty's)	40th Reserve Feldartillerie–Regiment (6 Bty's)
Engineers and Support:	3 Res Co 12.Pion Bn	Reserve Pionier Kompanie Nr.4 Pionier Battalion Nr. 12
	Minenwerfer–Kompanie Nr.224	24 Res Pont Engineers
	24 Res Tele Detach

26th Division [13]
Commander: Generalleutenant Herzog Wilhelm von Urach
Infantry:	Grenadier–Regiment Königin Olga (1. Württembergisches) Nr.119	Infanterie Regiment Kaiser Friedrich, König von Preußen (7. Württembergisches) Nr.125
		Infanterie Regiment Alt–Württemberg (3. Württembergisches) Nr.121
Cavalry:	Uhlan Regiment Nr.20 (3 x Sqn)
Artillery:	Feldartillerie–Regiment Nr.29	Feldartillerie–Regiment Nr.65
Engineers and Support:	Feldt–Pionier Kompanie Nr.1 and 5 Feldt–PionierBattalion Nr. 13	Minenwerfer–Kompanie Nr.26
	26 Pont Engineers	26 Tele Detach

56th Division [13]
Commander: Generalmajor von Wichmann
Infantry:	Fusilier–Regiment Prinz Heinrich von Preußen (1. Brandenburgisches) Nr.35	2. Nassauisches Infanterie–Regiment Nr.88
		Infanterie Regiment Prinz Carl (4.Großherzoglich Hessisches) Nr. 118
Cavalry:		Uhlan Regiment Nr.17 (1 x Sqn)
Artillery:	56. Feldartillerie–Brigade	Feldartillerie–Regiment Nr.111
		Feldartillerie–Regiment Nr.112
Engineers and Support:	Feldt–Pionier Kompanie Nr.111	Feldt–Pionier Kompanie Nr.112
	Feldt–Pionier Kompanie Nr.6 PionsierBattalion Nr. 26	Minenwerfer–Kompanie Nr.56

Footnotes

German trench Delville Wood, September 1916

GPSO 2010, pp. 99–111.
Miles 1992, pp. 90–100, 102–112, 136–141, 149–156, 178–185, 190–196, 262–270.
Miles 1994, p. 109.
Liddle 2001, p. 186.
Miles 1994, p. 107.
Ewing 2009, pp. 397–399.
Wyrall 1921, p. 246.
Liddle 2001, p. 187.
Moorhouse 2003, p. 267.
Miles 1994, p. 111.
Miles 1994, p. 113.
Uys 1991, pp. 194–198.
Miles 1994, p. 118.
Miles 1994, p. 119.

References

Memorial, South African Brigade Headquarters, Delville Wood.

Ewing, J. (2009) [1921]. The History of the Ninth (Scottish) Division 1914–1919 (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: John Murray. ISBN 978-1-84342-190-0.
Liddle, P. (2001) [1992]. The 1916 Battle of the Somme. London: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84022-240-1.
Miles, W. (1992) [1938]. Military Operations in France and Belgium 1916: 2 July to the End of the Battles of the Somme. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-89839-169-5.
Miles, W. (1994) [1938]. Military Operations, France and Belgium 1916: Maps and Appendices. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-89839-207-4.
Moorhouse, B. (2003). Forged by Fire: The Battle Tactics and Soldiers of a World War One Battalion, The 7th Somerset Light Infantry (1st ed.). Staplehurst: Spellmount. ISBN 978-0-89839-207-4.
The Union of South Africa and the Great War 1914–1918: Official History (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). Pretoria: Government Print and Stationery Office. 1924. ISBN 978-0-89839-207-4. OCLC 16795056.
Uys, I. (1991). Rollcall: The Delville Wood Story. Germiston: Uys Publishers. ISBN 978-0-9583173-1-3.
Wyrall, E. (1921). The History of the Second Division, 1914–1918. Vol. II. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. OCLC 869415401.

External links

German situation maps, 14, 31 July

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[FOOTNOTEGPSO201099–111-1] GPSO 2010, pp. 99–111.

[FOOTNOTEMiles199290–100,_102–112,_136–141,_149–156,_178–185,_190–196,_262–270-2] Miles 1992, pp. 90–100, 102–112, 136–141, 149–156, 178–185, 190–196, 262–270.

[FOOTNOTEMiles1994109-3] Miles 1994, p. 109.

[FOOTNOTELiddle2001186-4] Liddle 2001, p. 186.

[FOOTNOTEMiles1994107-5] Miles 1994, p. 107.

[FOOTNOTEEwing2009397–399-6] Ewing 2009, pp. 397–399.

[FOOTNOTEWyrall1921246-7] Wyrall 1921, p. 246.

[FOOTNOTELiddle2001187-8] Liddle 2001, p. 187.

[FOOTNOTEMoorhouse2003267-9] Moorhouse 2003, p. 267.

[FOOTNOTEMiles1994111-10] Miles 1994, p. 111.

[FOOTNOTEMiles1994113-11] Miles 1994, p. 113.

[FOOTNOTEUys1991194–198-12] Uys 1991, pp. 194–198.

[FOOTNOTEMiles1994118-13] Miles 1994, p. 118.

[FOOTNOTEMiles1994119-14] Miles 1994, p. 119.