Dario Antonio Úsuga

Born on September 15, 1971, in Necoclí, in northwestern Colombia, Dairo Antonio Úsuga David, known as "Otoniel," came from a modest peasant family. In 1989, at the age of 18, he joined the Popular Liberation Army (EPL), a guerrilla group with a strong presence in the region that sought to defend poor peasants against landowners and the government. "He was not a revolutionary. But it was all there was and he went with them," his mother explained in a 2015 interview with a journalist. The EPL signed a peace agreement with the government two years later, in 1991, and its members returned to civilian life. He then joined the United Self-Defenses of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, or AUC), a Colombian far-right paramilitary and drug trafficking group.[8]

In 2005, Úsuga began working for Daniel Rendón Herrera, the then leader of the Los Urabeños drug trafficking group.[9] Otoniel and his brother Giovanni (born Juan de Dios Usuga) took control of the Los Urabeños in 2009.[8] After Giovanni was shot and killed during a police raid, Otoniel took full leadership of the drug trafficking group.[8] New York federal prosecutors described Úsuga as “the most violent and significant” Colombian drug trafficker since Pablo Escobar, and as the Gulf Clan's "supreme leader."[7]

Colombian police have sought the arrest of Úsuga since around 2011.[6] In 2015, the BBC reported that 1,200 Colombian anti-drug police were involved in the search for Úsuga.[10] The same year a Colombian police helicopter searching for Úsuga crashed, killing 18.[11] In 2017 the US Department of State offered a $5 million reward for information leading to his arrest.[3][1] Also in 2017, Colombian anti-trafficking police dropped flyers from helicopters offering a $5 million reward for information leading to his capture.[12] In 2017 Úsuga published a video on Facebook in which he offered to submit to a negotiated surrender.[13][14]

In early 2021 Colombian authorities intensified their search efforts for Úsuga, following heightened levels of cocaine production.[6]

Early in October 2021, Colombian intelligence officials identified Úsuga's likely hideout as being in the Urabá, Antioquia region of north-western Colombia, near the Panamanian border.[6][15][16] The detection of his location was facilitated by the tracking of cartel members who were bringing him a specific type of medication to treat his kidney disease.[6] Early on the morning of October 22, a military team code-named "El Blanco" surrounded his believed hiding place with hundreds of troops, 20 helicopters, 10 unmanned surveillance drones.[6] The capture involved blocking rivers and roads that could have been used as escape routes.[6] Colombian Navy ships were stationed offshore to prevent any escape by sea.[6] Colombian military forces subsequently captured Úsuga, who was revealed to be hiding in a remote mountainous area.[15][16] Úsuga was captured the afternoon of October 23,[6] and at the time of his arrest, Úsuga was the most wanted drug lord in Colombia, with the Colombian government issuing an $800,000 bounty for his capture.[17] He was also revealed to still be involved in trafficking, though his cartel by this point was severely weakened.[18]

He was heard in mid-February 2022 by the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP), where he reportedly said he had organized his surrender and worked with the Colombian army, according to leaked media reports. The police interrupted the hearing, claiming to suspect Otoniel of planning his escape. Digital recordings containing his testimony to the JEP were later stolen.[19]

On May 4, 2022, Úsuga was extradited to the United States.[20]

In January 2023, he pleaded guilty in New York, meaning he will face decades in prison for leading a violent cartel and paramilitary group.[21]

Úsuga was sentenced to 45 years in prison in New York in August 2023.[22] U.S. District Judge Dora Irizarry, who was the judge in charge of his sentencing, found that it was proven that he had shipped nearly 100,000 kg (about 220,500 pounds) of cocaine into the United States while he was serving as the leader of the crime syndicate Clan del Golfo (Golf Clan), described him as "extraordinary" and among drug dealers "who were more prolific than Pablo Escobar."[22] In addition, "Otoniel" was fined $216 million.[23]

US Attorney General Merrick Garland said Úsuga "ordered the reckless execution of Colombian police officers, soldiers, and civilians".[24] In addition to his New York charges, he also faces coordinated charges in south Florida, which include conspiracy to ship vast quantities of cocaine north by land and sea.[7]