D. D. Sheehan

Daniel Desmond Sheehan, usually known as D. D. Sheehan (28 May 1873 – 28 November 1948) was an Irish nationalist, politician, labour leader, journalist, barrister and author. He served as Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland representing Mid-Cork from 1901 to 1918,[1] a constituency comprising the districts of Ahadallane, Ballincollig, Ballyvourney, Blarney, Coachford, Farran, Inchigeelagh, Macroom, Millstreet and Shandangan.[2] As co-founder and President of the Irish Land and Labour Association, he was credited with considerable success in land reform, labour reforms and in rural state housing. From 1909, he was General Secretary of the Central Executive of the All-for-Ireland League, favouring a policy of National reconciliation between all creeds and classes in Ireland. During World War I he served as Irish regiments officer with the 16th (Irish) Division in France, 1915–16.[3] He resigned his parliamentary seat in 1918 and lived in England for several years, returning to Dublin following the ending of the civil war, when he was appointed editor of the Dublin Chronicle.[4]

Daniel Desmond Sheehan
Member of Parliament
for Mid Cork
In office
17 May 1901 – 14 December 1918
Preceded byCharles K. D. Tanner
Succeeded byTerence MacSwiney
Personal details
Born(1873-05-28)28 May 1873
Kanturk, County Cork, Ireland
Died28 November 1948(1948-11-28) (aged 75)
London, England
Political partyIrish Parliamentary Party,
All-for-Ireland League
SpouseMary Pauline O'Connor
OccupationBarrister, journalist, author
Military service
Allegiance United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Branch/serviceBritish Army
RankCaptain
UnitRoyal Munster Fusiliers
Battles/warsWorld War I

Journalistic beginnings

Sheehan was born in Dromtariffe, near Kanturk, County Cork, Ireland, the second eldest of three sons and one daughter of Daniel Sheehan senior and Ellen Sheehan (née Fitzgerald). His father was an old Fenian, Kinsman of Canon P. A. Sheehan and tenant farmer.[5] He was educated at the local primary school; in 1880 when he was seven years old, the family experienced eviction from the family homestead at the onset of the Irish Land League's Land War, when tenant farmers united to protest against landlords' excessive unjust rents by withholding payment.

Sheehan's family were supporters of the Fenian tradition, and his experience of discrimination made him a strong supporter of Irish nationalism. Sheehan was a continued supporter of Charles Stewart Parnell after the 'Parnell split' of 1890 in the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and became a pro-Parnellite. He always remembered his only meeting with Parnell at Tralee, when Parnell was presented with a loyal address (drafted by Sheehan) from his Killarney supporters.[6]

He began his career as a schoolteacher at the age of 16, studying land law and legal procedure when time allowed. He undertook part-time journalism from 1890 and was otherwise self-educated to a high literary degree. Sheehan was correspondent for the Kerry Sentinel, and later special correspondent to the Cork Daily Herald in Killarney. After he married in 1894, he moved in pursuit of journalistic experience temporarily to Scotland where in 1896 he joined the staff of the Glasgow Observer, then becoming London editor of the Catholic News in Preston, England.[7]

In 1898, with the beginning of national self-reliance under the revolutionary Local Government Act (1898), which established the enfranchment of local electors and the creation of Local County Councils for the first time, allowing the development of a new political class capable of taking local affairs into their own hands, Sheehan returned to Ireland. He worked initially on various papers in Munster including the Cork Constitution and from 1899 until 1901 as editor of The Southern Star, Skibbereen,[8] in which role it assured for the ILLA as well as the recently founded United Irish League that their branch reports were given weekly press coverage, particularly crucial for the expansion and growth of the UIL in Cork.[9]

Land and Labour leader

Early in his life when appointed correspondence secretary of the Kanturk Trade and Labour Council, Sheehan began active involvement in labour and trade union affairs – "I was engaged in an attempt to lead the labourers out of the poverty and misery that encompassed them" he wrote.[10]

In August 1894 the Irish Land and Labour Association (ILLA) was formed to agitate on behalf of small tenant farmers and agrarian labourers as follower organisation to the Irish Democratic Trade and Labour Federation,[11] setting forth Michael Davitt's achievements.[12][13] As ILLA chairman, Sheehan in alliance with its secretary the Clonmel, County Tipperary solicitor J. J. O'Shee (Member of Parliament for West Waterford from 1895), they campaigned for radical changes both to the Irish Land Acts and the land and labour laws, in particular the granting of smallholdings to rural labourers.[14] After Sheehan returned from a journalistic mission to England in 1898 he threw himself into organising the ILLA,[6] at the same time convinced that social change could only be advanced by means of political and constitutional agitation, but at no times through physical force.

In the towns and in the country, labourers had to live in hovels and mud-wall cabins which bred death and disease, huddled together in indiscriminate wretchedness, landless and starving, the last word in pitiful rags and bare bones. The grant of Local Government and the extension of the franchise, enabled the labourers to eventually take a mighty stride in the assertion of their independent claims.[15] Sheehan recorded that

"Those of us who had taken up the labourer’s cause . . . went our way building up branches, extending knowledge of the labourers' claims, educating these humble folk into a sense of their civic rights and citizen responsibilities . . . It was all desperate hard, uphill work, with little to encourage and no reward beyond the consciousness that one was reaching out a helping hand to the most neglected, despised and unregarded class in the community"[16]

Under his leadership as president, the ILLA spread rapidly across Munster and later Connacht, campaigning vigorously on behalf of small tenant farmers for their tenant rights as well claiming against the pitiful plight of the rural labourers, demanding sweeping changes, as P. F. Johnson before him, to the inadequate Land Acts, duly acknowledged by government. By 1900 he had helped found and organize nearly one hundred ILLA branches, mostly in County Cork, County Tipperary, and County Limerick,[17] which increased to 144 by 1904.[18]

The achievement was not without considerable middle-class hostility to the labourer movement. Farmer, shopkeeper, clerical and political party hostility originated not alone locally, ill-will was equally noticeable at a national level. The Irish Party leadership refused to consider direct Parliamentary representation to the Land and Labour Association, an indication of the middle-class determination with maintaining its hold over national politics.[19]

Member of Parliament
D. D. Sheehan MP (standing centre balcony), addressing large All-for-Ireland League rally in 1910 at Newmarket, County Cork.

Following the death of Dr C. K. D. Tanner (former Mid-Cork anti-Parnellite Nationalist MP from 1895), a United Irish League selection convention was called for 10 May 1901 in Macroom to decide between three candidates for the up-coming by-election. Standing as ILLA candidate on a solely labour platform, "D. D.", as he was popularly known, defeated the official local Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) candidate Cornelelius O'Callaghan of Millstreet after a second ballot, amidst turbulent and occasionally violent scenes following an initial attempt by Joseph Devlin (representing the UIL National Directory), to exclude a number of ILLA branches from the convention.[20] Sheehan was carried triumphantly from the venue and when finally returned as MP in the by-election of 17 May,[1] he wrote:

My heart was with the neglected labourer and I stood, accordingly, as a Labour candidate, my programme being the social elevation of the masses, employment and wages. . . . .
This was heralded as a tremendous triumph for the Labour movement, . . . . .[21]

Aged twenty-eight, he was the youngest, and one of the most outspoken, Irish nationalist party members of parliament at the House of Commons.[22] Although admitted to the Party, his position as a labour representative, his own personal independence and not being a member of the United Irish League, made him something of an outsider.[6] He wrote: "I was in the Party for one purpose, and one alone, of pushing the labourers' claims upon the notice of the leaders and of ventilating their grievances in the House of Commons whenever occasion offered"[23] But from the outset in 1894, those Party leaders considered the ILLA to be a dangerous deviation from the party line.[24]

Agrarian resurgence
Sheehan MP (r), 1907, commanding the platform at a North County Dublin Land and Labour meeting.

Long associated with land agitation, Sheehan settled many disputes between landlord gentry and their under-privileged tenant farmers. In his capacity as honorary secretary of the Cork Advisory Committee, he was foremost in ending centuries of oppressive "landlordism" under the far reaching Wyndham Land Purchase Act of 1903.[25] Crafted through Parliament following the 1902 Land Conference by his Mallow compatriot, William O'Brien MP, Sheehan successfully negotiated the larger number of the 16,159 tenant land purchases in Munster that decade.[26] In his own words: "changing rack-rented farmers into peasant proprietors". The act was later extended to introduce compulsory purchase under the Birrell Land Purchase (Ireland) Act (1909).

From 1904 Sheehan was drawn to O’Brien for his willingness to agitate for a "settlement of the Irish labourers' grievances", and allied himself after O’Brien was alienated from the Irish Party for his conciliatory approach in securing the Land Act. Sheehan brought O’Brien the ally whose organisational skills and social programme secured him a County Cork base,[27] his talents and ILLA branches placed at the disposal of the O'Brienite organisation in rural Munster.[28] Sheehan and O'Brien established a Cork Advisory Committee which produced a higher rate of land purchase at lower prices than in any other county.[29]

The January 1906 general election returned Sheehan unopposed. The IPP deputy leader John Dillon set about splitting the ILLA, forming a new ILLA group under its secretary, the Dillon and IPP loyal J. J. O'Shee (MP), – to confine Sheehan's movement, otherwise "the whole of Munster will be poisoned and no seat safe on vacancy".[30] Later that year, the Irish Party mounted a feud against Sheehan for being a "factionist" by supporting a policy of Conciliation and for not allowing his labourers' movement be subservient to the Party autocracy, his reason being "to realize the great democratic principle of the government of the people, by the people and for the people".[31] Also for not adhering to the party pledge and expelled both him and John O'Donnell from its ranks. It deprived them both of the quarterly party stipend[32] provided for attendance at Westminster, particularly damaging because the first regular salary for an MP was set in 1911.[33] Sheehan retaliated by resigning his seat in November and challenged the IPP to stand against him.[34] He was re-elected unopposed as Ireland's first Independent Nationalist Labour MP on 31 December 1906. His income from then depended on constituent's collections at church gates on Sundays.[6]

Sheehans' cottages
A Model Village "Sheehans' cottage"

At countrywide ILLA meetings and in leading articles and editorials,[35] Sheehan strove vigorously to attain betterment for the working Irish as in his June 1904 Commons speech on the Labourers (Ireland) Bill. Together with O'Brien under the "Macroom programme"[36] their unabated pressure helped win passage of the exceptional Bryce Labourers (Ireland) Act (1906), remarkable its financial features for state sponsored rural housing,[37] several provisions of which Sheehan suggested and drafted. He was convinced that nothing could be either final or satisfactory which did not ultimately "root the labourers in the soil".

The Act provided for the erection of over 40,000 cottages each on an acre of land, 7,560 alone in county Cork, known locally as Sheehans' cottages. It was followed by the Birrell Labourers (Ireland) Act (1911) with provision for further 5,000 dwellings. The dwellings provided homes for over 60,000 landless labourers and their families, comprising a rural population of a quarter of a million previously living wretchedly, mostly together with their livestock, in one room stone cabins and sod hovels.[38]

Within a few years the resulting changes heralded an unprecedented socio-economic agrarian revolution in rural Ireland, with widespread decline of rampant tuberculosis, typhoid and scarlet fever.[39]

A further important D. D. Sheehan landmark was his Model Irish Village scheme at Tower, near Blarney. He initiated, organised and furthered the completion of this unique co-operative project, developed in unison with a prominent local land owner, the ILLA branch and the Cork Rural District Council, initially comprising 17 cottages, provided with all local amenities including school, laundry and community hall on which he reported:

The decay of village life in Ireland constitutes one of the most tragic chapters of our history for the past half century. .... But even if we cannot resurrect the spirit of our former village life it is, however, well within our power to reconstruct ...... a Model Village on up-to-date and practical lines – a village which we trust may become a pattern and an example to be copied with profit and advantage in other parts of Ireland.[40]

These achievements, won together with the local Land and Labour Associations, laid a solid foundation for the later successes of the labour movement in the province of Munster.[41][42]

All-for-Ireland League
Turbulent AFIL demonstration at Ballina, County Mayo, 1910.

By 1907 there were seven earlier Irish Party MPs outside of the party. Proposals to reunite the party were made by both O'Brien and the Irish Party leader John Redmond with a meeting summoned for the Mansion House, Dublin in April 1908.[43] Sheehan, O'Brien and others rejoined the party temporarily for the sake of unity. However, when Redmond called a National Convention for February 1909 to discuss amended funding of the 1903 Land Purchase Act, it ended with O'Brien and Sheehan being again driven from the party at what became known as the Baton Convention.[44] It was "probably the stormiest meeting ever held by constitutional nationalists".[45]

Subsequently, together with D. D. Sheehan as its organising honorary secretary, William O'Brien then inaugurated his new political movement, the All-for-Ireland League (AFIL) in Kanturk, March 1909.[46] The League was a distinctively new political group whose deep conviction was that the success of a United Ireland parliament must depend on Irish Home Rule being won with the consent rather than by the compulsion of the Protestant minority. The political slogan of the AFIL was "the Three C's" – for Conference, Conciliation and Consent as applied to Irish politics, particularly to Home Rule. Sheehan rejected the Party leader Redmond's uncompromising "Ulster will have to follow" approach to Home Rule. The political activist Canon Sheehan of Doneraile was also a central AFIL founder member.[47]

Prophetically farsighted, both Sheehan and O'Brien advocated granting Ulster every conceivable concession to overcome its fears of a Catholic-dominated Dublin parliament, as otherwise an All-Ireland settlement would fail. The two Sheehans contributed regularly to the League's newspaper the Cork Free Press,[48] before it was suppressed in 1916 by the Chief Press Censor.[49]

1910 general elections

In autumn 1909 a Divisional Conference of the Irish Party was summoned for the purpose of "organising" Sheehan out of Mid-Cork and taking over his constituency. But whenever their delegations made an appearance in Cork they were quickly put to rout by Sheehan's followers.[50] Opposed by the official IPP+UIL+AOH nominee William Fallon in the 24 January 1910 general election, as well as denounced by Catholic clerics for pitting labourer against farmer,[51] he was returned with 2824 votes against 1999 for his opponent.[1] Sheehan later commented on the contest:

I was left to fight my battle almost single handed, having arrayed against me two canons of my Church, and every Catholic clergyman in the constituency, with two or three notable exceptions. The odds seamed hopeless . . . . . . . but . . . I scored a surprising majority . ., and I have good reason for stating that 95 percent of the illiterate votes were cast in my favour, although a most powerful personal canvass was made of every vote in the constituency by the clergy.[52]

Throughout 1910 he turned to promoting the conciliatory and political principles of the All-for-Ireland League. The growth in strength of the AFIL in areas previously dominated by the UIL was accompanied by considerable conflict and hostilities.[53] A renewed election was called on 28 November due to a parliamentary stalemate at Westminster. Sheehan campaigned for the AFIL's policies at large meetings across counties Cork and Limerick, in Mayo together with O'Brien – coming under revolver fire at Crossmolina – their party generally handicapped by lack of clerical support.[54] In the December 1910 election he retained his seat with 2738 votes against 2115 for his IPP opponent T. Corcoran.[1] The AFIL Party returned eight MPs in the nine Cork constituencies.

At election times broadsheets and ballads sung to popular airs extolling the candidates' merits were commonplace, one such entitled The Ballad of D. D. Sheehan made the rounds in 1910, was re-published in 1968.[55]

Sheehan's proposals for Ulster, Daily Express, 27 January 1914
D. D. Sheehan BL as barrister 1911 in wig and gown

Barrister-at-law

While in parliament he was called to the Irish Law Bar as barrister on 3 July 1911,[56] having been exhibitioner and prizeman in law University College Cork (1908–09) and honoursman King's Inns Dublin (1910), practising on the Munster circuit.

Dominion Home Rule

In 1911 the All-for-Ireland Party specifically proposed Dominion Home Rule in a letter to Prime Minister Asquith as the wisest of all solutions for Ireland. During 1913–1914, Sheehan was active in promoting an Imperial Federation League having as its immediate object a federal settlement of the Home Rule question as the alternative to Ulster's threat of partition. He later became vice-chairman of the League.

In January 1914 he published specific proposals and concessions[57] the AFIL perceived acceptable to Ulster to enable them to come in on an All-Ireland Home Rule settlement, which however the Irish Party and Dillon turned down with "no concessions to Ulster". Later in the Commons, Sir Edward Carson, the Ulster Unionist Party leader, acknowledged that concessions proposed by the AFIL for Ulster to participate in Home Rule were praiseworthy, adding that had they been earlier supported rather than thwarted by the Irish Parliamentary Party, Ulster's objections might have been overcome.[58]

In May 1914, the AFIL resolutely resisted the violation of Ireland's national unity and as a final protest before history, abstained from voting on the amended Third Home Rule Act which provided for the temporary exclusion of six Ulster counties in what the AFIL called would be an irreversible partition deal.

Great War
in his RMF military uniform 1917

Armageddon

With the involvement of Ireland in World War I when war was declared with Germany in August 1914, Sheehan gave support to William O'Brien's call for voluntary enlistment in the Irish regiments of Kitchener's New Service Army, regarding service to be both in the interest of the Allied cause of a Europe free from oppression as well as in the interest of an All-Ireland Home Rule settlement.

In November, despite being aged 41 and father of a large family, he offered himself for enlistment, as did the National Volunteers and four other Irish nationalist MPs, J. L. Esmonde, Stephen Gwynn, Willie Redmond and William Redmond and former MP Tom Kettle. Trained at Buttevant barracks County Cork, gazetted lieutenant, he practically raised the 9th (Service) Battalion of the Royal Munster Fusiliers, a regiment of the 16th (Irish) Division.[59] Due to manpower casualty shortages in other RMF regiments Sheehan was re-drafted on 30 May 1915 to the 2nd RMF (Regular) Battalion.[60]

Three of his sons also joined. One, aged 16, was in 1915 the youngest commissioned officer on the Western Front. Sheehan's two other sons were killed serving with the Royal Flying Corps/Royal Air Force; his daughter, a V A D front nurse, was disabled in a bombing raid. A brother serving with the Irish Guards severely disabled and a brother-in-law killed at Passchendaele.

In the spring and summer of 1915, Sheehan undertook the organisation and leadership of voluntary enlistment campaigns in County Cork, County Limerick, and County Clare. Receiving Captaincy and Company command in July 1915, he served with the 2nd RMF Battalion along the Loos salient in France under Irish Major General William Hickie. From early 1916, he contributed a series of widely quoted articles from the trenches to the London Daily Express,[61] the Irish Times, and the Cork Constitution.

Deafness by shellfire and ill-health necessitated his transfer to the 3rd RMF (Reserve) Battalion at Aghada, then Ballincollig barracks, County Cork. Hospitalised often, he was decommissioned late 1917, with a bulletin stating that he "relinquished his commission on account of ill-health contracted on active service, and is granted the permanent honorary rank of Captain, 13 Jan.1918".[62][63] Sheehan was awarded the World War I campaign medals: 1914–15 Star, British War Medal, Victory Medal and Silver War Badge.[64]

Those Irish who died in the war are commemorated at the Island of Ireland Peace Park, Messines, Belgium and the Irish National War Memorial Gardens, Dublin, Ireland as well as by Sheehan in his verse A Tribute and a Claim.

Making way
1918 SF election poster cites Sheehan's Commons speech.

Continuing to pursue Irish interests in parliament, he vehemently condemned British mishandling of Irish affairs, during the April Conscription Crisis threatening in a dramatic anti-conscription speech in the Commons "to fight you if you enforce conscription on us".

Sheehan later expressed disillusionment at Britain's and the Irish Party's failure to agree on All-Ireland Home Rule. The AFIL members, seeing their political concepts for an All-Ireland settlement displaced by the path of militant physical-force, recognised the futility of contesting the December 1918 general elections. William O’Brien had been co-operating since 1910 with, and acting as spokesman in parliament for Arthur Griffith's moderate Sinn Féin movement,[65] so that as Sheehan confirmed:

at the general election O’Brien and all the other members of the Independent Nationalist group the present writer included, withdrew from the contest and signed a manifesto calling upon their followers to support the new movement. This appeal of ours met with enthusiastic response, Sinn Féin candidates being elected for our constituencies in every instance.[66]

Terence MacSwiney followed Sheehan as MP for mid-Cork. In the changed political climate strongly opposed to Sheehan's earlier army service and recruiting, and faced with intimidation,[6] he and his family left their Cork city home and moved to England.[67]

Labour allegiance

During the Commons debate in October 1918 on the Irish Land (Provision for Soldiers) Bill, in the course of a lengthy speech Sheehan said:

... even although it may only benefit 3,000 or 4,000 of those Irish soldiers who have patriotically fought for their country and for the liberties of the world ... I want this measure to become law and to become operative ......[68]

With an election demand of "Land for fighters"[69] aimed at returned ex-servicemen, Sheehan contested in December the United Kingdom general election as adopted Labour Party candidate for the Limehouse division of Stepney in London's East End and polled 2,470 votes second to the returned Liberal,[70] over a million demobilised servicemen still in Europe were unfortunately unable to vote. His demand was vindicated by the government's subsequent "Land for Soldiers" small holdings and cottage scheme[71] announced in January. It became the Irish Land (Provision for Sailors and Soldiers) Act, 1919 which provided thousands of cottages for Irish ex-servicemen and their dependents. His engagement with Labour paved the way for his successor in this constituency, the later Labour Prime Minister Clement Attlee.

General election 1918: Stepney, Limehouse
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
C Liberal William Pearce 5,860 59.9 +5.3
Labour D. D. Sheehan 2,470 25.2 N/A
National Charles Herbert Roswell 1,455 14.9 N/A
Majority 3,390 34.7 +25.5
Turnout 29,275 33.4 −39.7
Liberal hold Swing N/A
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

From 1920 he eked out a living in journalism, in 1921 published his authoritative book, Ireland since Parnell, covering the period Parnell to Sinn Féin (book may be read online or downloaded free under the Project Gutenberg external link). Unable to practise at the bar due to impaired hearing (sustained in the war), made some business endeavours, for a time Literary Editor, leader writer and dramatic critic of the Sunday National News, and in 1925 publisher and editor of The Stadium, a daily newspaper for sportsmen.

New beginnings

After earlier intimidations[72] ceased to be an impediment, he returned to Dublin in 1926 (his ailing wife died soon afterwards). He was managing editor of the Irish Press and Publicity Services and from 1928 co-publisher and editor of the South Dublin Chronicle, a weekly newspaper (3 Jan 1925 – 13 July 1929) covering township and district news. In July 1929 the paper was re-titled the Dublin Chronicle (20 July 1929 – 1 Aug 1931) by a new directorate, with Sheehan as managing director and editor. Its editorial objectives were:

To pursue a policy of fearless independence. Remove all barriers of distrust that separate North and South on the question of National Unity. Land and Labour as the most important factors of Irish life. Putting deep sea fisheries on an economic basis. Social issues, the grave evil of the slums – the need to speed up housing of the impoverished masses.[73]

Labour "Chronicle"

In a series of six front pages articles in the Dublin Chronicle under his name during 1929, Sheehan exposed and highlighted with harrowing descriptions the lives of the slum poor:

The Frightful Slums of Dún Laoghaire – Avoca Square the Gateway to hell, its horrors (14 Sept.)
The Council as Slum Owners – The Scandal of Crofton Parade, consumption takes its toll (28 Sept.)
Housing in Bray – An Appalling Report- Would not pass as cattle stables (9 Nov.)

Interviews followed with Lord Longford and General Richard Mulcahy, Minister for Local Government, on means to house the great numbers of poor people. On a wider range of important issues, he admonished the Irish Labour Party (ILP) for neither having an active agricultural policy nor a fighting programme. He rigorously demanded national de-rating for farmers and objected to the County Council "manager system", proposing instead the establishment of separate independent coastal Boroughs north and south of Dublin. Sheehan repeatedly stressed the need for the housing of labourers and unskilled worker and the abolition of slums.

Sheehan condemned Republicans for two militant articles they published in An Phoblacht criticising Irish ex-servicemen of the Great War "that they fought for England ... and so forth". He countered:

Nothing of the kind! They fought for liberty, they fought for the freedom of humanity, and against the spirit of Prussianism, which if it had prevailed would put the whole world under the sway of an atrocious tyranny. ...... The thing is too absurd and ridiculous for words, yet it is those puerile arguments that are being trotted out again and again by those who never spared the art of lying and wilful perversion when dealing with Irishmen of the Great War.[74]

Controversial themes continued to be highlighted during 1930 in the Dublin Chronicle, particularly when calling for freedom of speech after the "disgraceful breaking up" of the new Labour Party's inaugural meeting on 8 April in the Mansion House by organised gangs of Fianna Fáil and Peadar O'Donnell followers shouting "Up de Valera" and "Up Devlin".[75]

D. D. Sheehan (centre) campaigning with Labour Party team in the elections

Parting hurrah

Leading up to 29 September 1930, Dublin County Council and Borough elections and the August nomination of eight official Labour candidates, Sheehan held town hall meetings from Bray to Balbriggan, emphasising:

When he consented to become a candidate in that election, he did so on account of one thing only – the betterment of his fellowmen, and the progress and advancement of all classes. ....... He had done that all his life .... such record as he possessed was one that had been always associated with Labour.[76]

The Dublin Chronicle gave broad promotional support to Labour prior to the election, unlike the very reserved announcement of the election in the official ILP's Irishman. But it was not to be. Only the three previous Labour councillors were re-elected. Sheehan finished mid-field in the list of candidates, his housing campaign hijacked by the larger party rivals Fianna Fáil and Cumann na nGaedheal.

The election epitomised the dilemma of the Labour Party. In contrast to Sheehan's policy of basic social change and political inclusiveness, the ILP confused voters with a mixed message. The party's new March constitution abandoned its working class character and diluted its objectives, in its desire and in order to broaden the class basis of the new party to appeal to white-collar professionals. In the long term it also failed due to lack of branch organisation (Dublin having only one branch) so that in the following 1932 general election its number of Dáil seats sank to an all-time low of 7, from 13 in September 1927 (and 22 in 1922).[77]

Service – not self

In January 1931 the Dublin Chronicle promoted a new Irish Industries Purchasing League with a campaign advocating the need to Buy Irish Goods, which was welcomed and supported by Irish manufacturers and retail outlets alike. Sheehan relentlessly pursued the unresoved questions of slums and housing. He then called for the early selection of suitable candidates to stand for Labour at the next (1932) general election. Publication of the Chronicle ended in August 1931 brought on by the world economic Great Depression.

From the 1930s, unable to practise in court due to impaired hearing from the war, as advocate Sheehan provided legal advice and assistance to former constituents, to help them defend against claims on their right to security of tenure and ownership entitlements of their lands, granted under earlier legislation. Also helped unemployed Irish ex-servicemen of the Great War, many sons of families he once housed and later recruited, supported Old Comrades Associations (O.C.A's) providing lines of communication and information north and south of the Free State border, editing the Northern and Southern Ireland edition of their central council's Annual Journal, its motto "Service – not self".[78] In 1945, reporting on its work he wrote:

It has been beset by many difficulties, has had to overcome prejudice and to surmount numerous other obstacles, yet its work of helping the Irish ex-serviceman and his dependants has been carried on with unwearied effort and considerable success.[79]

Sheehan tried unsuccessfully to regain his Cork seat in the early 1940s when Paddy McAuliffe was selected to run for Labour in the 1943 general election for the North Cork constituency.[80] Pressed by former political friends Sheehan then proposed to General Richard Mulcahy that he stand as candidate for Fine Gael in the Cork South-East constituency (which included part of his old Mid-Cork constituency and other areas where ex-servicemen lived), but his offer was declined.[81]

Personal background

On 6 February 1894, he married Mary Pauline O'Connor, daughter of Martin O'Connor, Bridge Street, Tralee, County Kerry;
they had five sons (and five daughters, the youngest Mona b. 1912 (Ms Rutland-Barsby) died 24 Sep 2008):

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel, Martin, Michael Sheehan.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert O'Connor.

(All family members settled in England, except P. A. Ó Síocháin, a staunch nationalist).

Sheehan died on 28 November 1948, aged 75,[84] while visiting his daughter Mona in Queen Anne St., London, and was buried with his wife at the Glasnevin National Cemetery,[85] Dublin.

Sources and references

Notes
  1. Walker, Brian M. (ed.): Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922, Royal Irish Academy Press, Dublin (1978)
  2. Guy's Cork City & County Almanac & Directory 1907, 1910, 1913, Parliamentary Electoral Division Mid-Cork: Cork City Council Library Archived 9 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  3. Who's Who 1915 and 1918; Thom's Directory 1918
  4. Cadogan, Tim & Falvey, Jeremiah: A Biographical Dictionary of Cork, Four Courts Press (2006), Cork City Council Library Archived 9 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  5. The Kerryman Obituary p. 6, 11 December 1948
  6. Maume, Patrick in: McGuire, James and Quinn, James (eds): Dictionary of Irish Biography From the Earliest Times to the Year 2002;
    Royal Irish Academy Vol. 8, Sheehan, D. D.: pp. 875–78; Cambridge University Press (2009) ISBN 978-0-521-19983-4
  7. Irish Independent Obituary, 29 December 1948
  8. "Cork County Southern Star" newspaper Skibbereen, Centenary Supplement (1889–1989), p.38: Turn of the century editor, Cork City Library
  9. O’Donovan, John: Class, Conflict, and the United Irish League in Cork, 1900–1903 in SAOTHAR 37 pp. 19–29, Journal of the Irish Labour History Society p. 20, (2012) ISSN 0332-1169
  10. Sheehan, D. D.: Ireland since Parnell: 'Land and Labour' p. 171, Daniel O’Connor, London (1921)
  11. Boyle, John W. (2003) [1983]. "A Marginal Figure: The Irish Rural Laborer, p.326". In Clark, Samuel; Donnelly, James S. (eds.). Irish Peasants: Violence and Political Unrest, 1780–1914. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 311–338. ISBN 9780299093747.
  12. Sheehan, D.D.: p. 67
  13. King, Carla (2009). Michael Davitt, p. 53. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. ISBN 9781910820964.
  14. Maume, Patrick in: McGuire, James and Quinn, James (eds): Dictionary of Irish Biography From the Earliest Times to the Year 2002;
    Royal Irish Academy Vol. 7 O’Shee, J. J.: p. 846; Cambridge University Press (2009) ISBN 978-0-521-19981-0
  15. Sheehan, D. D.: p. 176
  16. Sheehan, D. D.: p. 175
  17. Bradley, Dan: Farm Labourers: Irish struggle 1900–1976, Ch.2: Farm Labourer Organisations in Co. Cork before 1919 pp. 24–37 (1988), Athol Books ISBN 0-85034-038-1
  18. Ferriter, Diarmaid: "The Transformation of Ireland, 1900–2000", (2004), p. 64 (ISBN 1-86197-443-4)
  19. Lane, Pádraig G., The Land and Labour Association 1894–1914, Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, Vol.98, p. 92, (1993), Cork City Council Library Archived 9 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  20. O'Donovan, John: p. 21
  21. Sheehan, D. D.: pp. 85, 140–41
  22. "Sheehan, D. D.: House of Commons Hansard Parliamentary Debates (1901–1918) website". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  23. Sheehan, D. D.: pp. 147/8
  24. Bradley, Dan: p. 27
  25. Ferriter, Diarmaid: pp. 62–63
  26. O'Brien, William: An Olive Branch in Ireland pp. 388–392, University College Cork (1910), Library
  27. Maume, Patrick: The Long Gestation, Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918 p. 70, Gill & Macmillan (1999) ISBN 0-7171-2744-3
  28. Maume, Patrick: p. 71
  29. Maume, Patrick: pp. 74–75
  30. O'Brien, Joseph: William O'Brien and the course of Irish politics p. 170, University of California Press (1976), ISBN 0-520-02886-4
  31. Lane, Pádraig G.: pp.94/5 and in the Irish People 31 March 1906 and the North Cork Herald 30 June 1906
  32. O'Brien, Joseph: William O'Brien and the course of Irish politics p. 172, University of California Press (1976), ISBN 0-520-02886-4
  33. "UK Parliament Salary for an MP first set in 1911, at £400 per year" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  34. Sheehan, D. D.: pp. 198–99
  35. "The Irish People" newspaper (1905–1909), National Library of Ireland Dublin: most issues contain an article or editorial by D. D. Sheehan
  36. Sheehan, D. D.: pp.180&185
  37. Frazer, Murray: John Bull's Other Homes, Rural Housing and the State p. 41, Liverpool University Press (1995) ISBN 0-85323-670-4
  38. McKay, Enda: The Housing of the Rural Labourer, 1883–1916 (1992), SAOTHAR 17, Journal of the Irish Labour History Society, pp. 27–37
  39. Ferriter, Diarmaid: p. 64, p. 159
  40. "The Irish People" newspaper (1905–1909), National Library of Ireland Dublin: Sheehan articles on Model Irish Villages 16 Nov.. 1907 p. 7; An Irish Model Village 13. Feb. 1910, p. 6; Our Model Village 13 March 1910 p. 6
  41. Murphy, Timothy J.: late Labour TD. north-Cork and former Minister for Local Government, in an interview published in an Irish Times article by Patrick Nolan
    (Series "State of the Unions") 18 November 1965, he expressed the view – The Irish Labour Party was to benefit from the efforts of the local ILLA s
  42. Mitchell, Arthur: Labour in Irish Politics 1890–1930 p. 16, Irish University Press, Dublin (1974) ISBN 0 7165 0099X
  43. Sheehan, D. D.: pp. 199–206
  44. O'Brien, Joseph V.: pp. 187–88
  45. Jackson, Alvin: Home Rule: An Irish History 1800—2000 p. 112, Phoenix Press (2003) ISBN 0-7538-1767-5
  46. Schilling, Friedrich K.: William O'Brien and the All-for-Ireland League thesis (1956)Trinity College Dublin
  47. Clifford, Brendan: "Cork Free Press" An Account of Ireland's only Democratic Anti-Partition Movement (1984), Athol Books
  48. "Cork Free Press" newspaper, published by William O'Brien (1910 to 1916) Cork City Council Library Archived 9 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  49. Martin, Peter: Censorship in the two Irelands 1922–39, Introduction p.9: the Cork Free Press was one of the first newspapers suppressed by Lord Decies the Chief Press Censor for Ireland, when its republican editor Frank Gallagher accused the British authorities of lying about the conditions and situation of republican prisoners in Frongoch internment camp, Irish Academic Press (2008) ISBN 0-7165-2829-0
  50. Sheehan, D. D.: Ireland since Parnell, 'A Campaign of Extermination' pp. 222–224 (1921)
  51. Galvin, Michael M.: Kilmurry 1906-1910; People and Politics The Year of Two Elections 1910, D.D. Sheehan Triumphant, pp. 51, 52, 78, 99, Kilmurry Archaeological and Historical Society, Carrig Print (2011)
  52. Sheehan, D. D.: p. 230
  53. O’Donovan, John: Nationalist political conflict in Cork, 1910 in 'Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society 2012' Vol. 117, pp. 37–52, Cuman Staire agus Seandálaíochta Chorcaí, ISSN 0010-8731
  54. Maume, Patrick: The long Gestation, Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918, pp.116 & 108/9, Gill & Macmillan (1999) ISBN 0-7171-2744-3
  55. Cork County Southern Star, p. 5, 9 March 1968 at Cork City Council Library Archived 9 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  56. Ferguson, Kenneth: King’s Inns Barristers 1868–2004, p. 297, The Honourable Society of King’s Inns (2005) ISBN 0-9512443-2-9
  57. Daily Express London, 27 January 1914 British Library, Newspaper Section Colindale, London
  58. MacDonagh, Michael: The Life of William O'Brien, the Irish Nationalist, All for Ireland, and Ireland for All, pp. 188–89, Ernst Benn London (1928)
  59. Staunton, Martin: The Royal Munster Fusiliers (1914–1919) (MA thesis (1986) the 9th RMF., pp. 220–233) University College Dublin Library
  60. Staunton, pp. 232–33
  61. London Daily Express 27 Jan 1914 & 1916 (8 issues) British Library, Newspaper Section Colindale, London; Irish Times 11 July 1916; Cork Examiner 12 July 1916
    these may be read under: WikiSource link: Articles from the trenches
  62. London Gazette Supplement, War Office Notices 12 January 1918; Guildhall Library London
  63. The Cork Constitution newspaper notice: 15 January 1918 at Cork City Council Library Archived 9 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  64. The National Archives Kew, London, service medals card file
  65. O’Brien, J.V.: pp. 192–94
  66. Sheehan composed document: A Tribute of Remembrance to William O’Brien, February 1928; and MacDonagh, Michael: The Life of William O'Brien (1928) p. 234
  67. Sheehan personal document and Irish Times 16 Feb 2001, interview with his (last surviving) daughter
  68. House of Commons debate, 22 Oct. 1918, Hansard Parliamentary Records pp 714–717
  69. London Daily Sketch 3 December 1918 (British Library, Newspaper Section, Colindale): D. D. Sheehan election campaign policy article Land for Fighters
  70. The Times (London) 1 January 1919 (British Library Newspapers Section, Colindale): The election results, Labour Vote at Limehouse
  71. The Times (London) 29 January 1919 (British Library Newspapers Section, Colindale): Government "Land for Soldiers" programme
  72. Leonard, Jane: Getting them at last:The IRA and ex-servicemen, in Fitzpatrick, Dr. David, ed, Revolution? Ireland 1917–1923, Trinity History Publications, Dublin (1990)
    pp. 118–29: "Despite the British Military background of some of their members, the IRA waged 'a campaign of intimidation' against ex-servicemen in 1919–21." ISBN 978-0-9511400-4-8
  73. Dublin Chronicle, 20 July 1929 editorial p. 6, National Library of Ireland
  74. Dublin Chronicle editorial, 16 November 1929, p. 4
  75. Sheehan, D. D.: lead article: Freedom of Speech and what it implies, Disgrace of the Mansion House from the Dublin Chronicle p. 5, retrieved 19 April 1930
  76. Dublin Chronicle, 13 Sept. 1930, p. 1
  77. The Irish Labour Party 1922–1973, Puirseil, Niamh: The foundation of the Irish Labour Party pp. 30–33, Four Courts Press (2007) ISBN 978-1-904558-67-5
  78. Sheehan, D. D. (ed.): British Legion Irish Free State Area Special Edition Souvenir of ten years of Progress 1925–1935: National Library of Ireland (Librarian's Office)
  79. Sheehan, D. D.: editorial: British Legion Journal (Annual 1945) p. 12: National Library of Ireland (Librarian's Office)
  80. Lane, Jack; Aubane: Where in the World Is It? p. 140, Aubane Historical Society (1999) ISBN 0-9521081-7-8
    Patrick McAuliffe was elected Labour TD in North Cork from 1944–1969
    Dan Desmond was elected as Labour TD in South Cork 1948–1961, then
    Dan Desmond succeeded by Eileen Desmond were Labour TDs for Mid-Cork 1961–1981.
  81. Sheehan, D.D.:copy draft letter in his papers
  82. Casualty details—Sheehan D J, Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved on 10 November 2008.
  83. Casualty details—Sheehan M J, Commonwealth War Graves Commission
  84. Obituaries: Cork Examiner 29 November 1948; The Times (London) 29 November 1948; Cork County Southern Star 4 December 1948; Kerryman 11 Dec 1948; Irish Independent 29 Dec 1948;
  85. "Daniel Desmond "Captain" Sheehan - Find A..." www.findagrave.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.

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References
  • O'Brien, William: An Olive Branch in Ireland pp. 388–392, (1910) University College Cork, Library
  • O'Brien, Joseph: William O'Brien and the course of Irish politics pp. 166–7, 170, 172, 179, 192, 194, 198, 204, University of California Press (1976), ISBN 0-520-02886-4
  • Ó Síocháin, P. A. S.C.: Ireland journey to freedom (1990), Foilsiúcháin Éireann (1990) ISBN 1-872490-02-6
  • Denman, Terence: Ireland's unknown soldiers, Irish Academic Press (1992) ISBN 0-7165-2495-3
  • Lane, Pádraig G., The Land and Labour Association 1894–1914, Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, Vol.98, pp. 90–106 (1993), Cork City Council Library
  • Maume, Patrick: The Long Gestation, Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918 pp. 70–72, 74, 81, 76, 95, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 107, 127, 152–3, 160, 172, 243,
    Gill & Macmillan (1999) ISBN 0-7171-2744-3
  • Maume, Patrick in: McGuire, James and Quinn, James (eds): Dictionary of Irish Biography From the Earliest Times to the Year 2002;
    Royal Irish Academy Vol. 7, pp. 875–78; Cambridge University Press (2009) ISBN 978-0-521-19981-0
  • Galvin, Michael M.: Kilmurry 1906-1910; People and Politics The Year of Two Elections 1910, D.D. Sheehan Triumphant, pp. 74–104, Kilmurry Archaeological and Historical Society, Carrig Print (2011)
  • O’Donovan, John: Class, Conflict, and the United Irish League in Cork, 1900-1903 in SAOTHAR 37 pp. 19–29, Journal of the Irish Labour History Society, D. D. Sheehan pp. 20–22, (2012) ISSN 0332-1169
  • Dillon, John: DD Sheehan BL MP, His Life and Times, Foilsiúcháin Éireann Nua (2013) ISBN 978-0-9576456-1-5
  • O'Donovan, John: Daniel Desmond (D. D.) Sheehan and the Rural Labour Question in Cork (1894-1910) Ch.13 pp. 220–237 in
    Casey, Brian (Ed.) Defying the Law of the Land: Agrarian Radicals in Irish History, History Press (2013) ISBN 978-1-8458880-1-5
  • Bunbury, Turtle: The Glorious Madness, Tales of The Irish and The Great War;
    Captain D D Sheehan, MP for Mid-Cork, pp. 61–73 Gill & Macmillan, Dublin 12 (2014) ISBN 978 0717 16234 5
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