Monetaria moneta

Monetaria moneta, common name the money cowrie, is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.[1]

Money cowrie
Live animal, with mantle visible
Five views of a shell of Monetaria moneta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Littorinimorpha
Family: Cypraeidae
Genus: Monetaria
Species:
M. moneta
Binomial name
Monetaria moneta
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Cypraea annulifera (Coen, 1949)
  • Cypraea barthelemyi Bernardi, 1861
  • Cypraea circumvallata (M. Schilder & F. A. Schilder, 1933) (Synonym)
  • Cypraea gibbosa Schröter, 1804
  • Cypraea mercatorium (Rochebrunne, 1884)
  • Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, 1758 (basionym)
  • Cypraea monetacongo Gmelin, J.F., 1791
  • Cypraea numisma Röding, P.F., 1798
  • Cypraea gibbosa Schröter, J.S., 1804
  • Cypraea marginata Kiesenwetter, 1872
  • Erosaria moneta (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Erosaria monetoides Iredale, T., 1939
  • Monetaria britannica Schilder, F.A., 1927
  • Monetaria bulgarica Kojumdgieva, E., 1960
  • Monetaria chionella Sulliotti, G.R., 1924
  • Monetaria ethnographica Rochebrune, A.-T. de, 1884
  • Monetaria ethnographica circumvallata Schilder, F.A. & M. Schilder, 1933
  • Monetaria etolu Steadman & Cotton, 1943
  • Monetaria harrisi Iredale, 1939
  • Monetaria icterina (Lamarck, 1810)
  • Monetaria isomeres Iredale, T., 1939
  • Monetaria mercatorium Rochebrune, A.-T. de, 1884
  • Monetaria pleuronectes Rochebrune, A.-T. de, 1884
  • Monetaria plumaria Rochebrune, 1884
  • Monetaria pseudomoneta C.-H. Hu, 1992
  • Monetaria rhomboides Schilder & Schilder, 1933
  • Monetaria vestimenti Rochebrune, A.-T. de, 1884
  • Monetaria moneta subalata (f) Schilder, F.A. & M. Schilder, 1933
  • Monetaria moneta endua Steadman, W.R. & B.C. Cotton, 1943
  • Monetaria moneta erua Steadman, W.R. & B.C. Cotton, 1943
  • Monetaria moneta etolu Steadman, W.R. & B.C. Cotton, 1943

This species is called "money cowrie" because the shells were historically widely used in many Pacific and Indian Ocean countries as shell money before coinage was in common usage.

Description and characteristics

It is a quite small cowry, up to 3 cm (1.2 in), irregular and flattened, with very calloused edges and roughly subhexagonal. The color is pale (from white to dirty beige), but the dorsum seems transparent, often greenish grey with yellowish margins, with sometimes darker transverse stripes and a delicate yellow ring. The opening is wide and white, with pronounced denticules. The mantle of the live animal is mottled with black and off-white.

The shell of Monetaria moneta varies widely in shape and color, with some of these varieties having been described as full species. As a result, this species has numerous taxonomic synonyms.

  • The underside of a live Monetaria moneta with the mantle partially retracted
    The underside of a live Monetaria moneta with the mantle partially retracted
  • Same specimen, with mantle withdrawn
    Same specimen, with mantle withdrawn
  • Shell
    Shell
  • Dark-backed shell variant
    Dark-backed shell variant

Distribution
A distribution map of Monetaria moneta

This is a very common species which is found widely in Indo-Pacific tropical waters. It is present in numerous regions, including East and South Africa, Madagascar, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, Maldives, eastern Polynesia, Galapagos, Clipperton and Cocos islands off Central America, southern Japan, Midway and Hawaii, and northern New South Wales and Lord Howe Island.[3]

Habitat

This cowrie lives in intertidal rocky areas and shallow tide pools among sea weed, coral remains, and empty bivalve shells.[3] It can be found on and under rocks in shallow water and on exposed reefs at low tide. It feeds on algae and marine vegetation growing on loose rocks and pieces of dead coral.

Subspecies and forms

Subspecies:

  • Monetaria moneta icterina (Lamarck, 1810)
  • Monetaria moneta monetserpentis Lorenz, Chiapponi & Mont, 2012
  • Monetaria moneta tuberculosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
  • Monetaria moneta barthelemyi (f) Bernardi, M., 1861[4]

Forms:

  • Monetaria moneta form erosaformis[5]
  • Monetaria moneta form harrisi Iredale, T., 1939[6]
  • Monetaria moneta form icterina Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de, 1810[7]
  • Monetaria moneta form rhomboides Schilder, F.A. & M. Schilder, 1933[8]
  • Monetaria moneta form tuberculosa Quoy, J.R.C. & J.P. Gaimard, 1834[9]

Human uses

The shell is used in jewelry and in other decorative items such as baskets and wall hangings.

As money
Main article: Shell money

Shells of this cowrie were commonly used as a medium of exchange[3] in many areas of Africa, Asia and the Pacific islands until the late 19th century.

The Maldives provided the main source of cowrie shells, throughout Asia and parts of the East African coast. Huge amounts of Maldivian cowries were introduced into Africa by slave traders.[10]

It was also traded to Native Americans by European settlers.

For divination

The shell is still used in divination rituals in some African religions.[3]

In the State of Kerala, in India, special money cowrie shells (which are known in Malayalam as കവിടി Kavidi) are used for divination as part of Hindu astrology, as Prashnam. For Prashnam, 108 shells of Monetaria moneta are rotated a number of times and the blessings of God and one's Guru are invoked. A portion of the Kavadis are separated and counted to find out the ruling planet at that time. The results of the Prasna horoscope (a horoscope formulated at the time of arrival of the persons) are compared with the results of the Prasnam, and the predictions are pronounced on that basis.

References
  1. WoRMS : Monetaria moneta; accessed : October 20, 2010
  2. "Monetaria moneta". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  3. Poutiers, J. M. (1998). Gastropods in: FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes: The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 1. Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. Rome, FAO, 1998. page 503.
  4. Gastropods.com : Monetaria moneta barthelemyi; accessed : October 20, 2010
  5. Gastropods.com : Monetaria moneta erosaformis; assessed : October 20, 2010
  6. Gastropods.com : Monetaria moneta harrisi; accessed : October 20, 2010
  7. gastropods.com : Monetaria moneta icterina; accessed : October 20, 2010
  8. Gastropods.com : Monetaria moneta rhomboides; accessed : October 20, 2010
  9. Gastropods.com : Monetaria moneta tuberculosa; accessed : October 20, 2010
  10. Hogendorn, Jan and Johnson Marion: The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. African Studies Series 49, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.
  • Verdcourt, B. (1954). The cowries of the East African Coast (Kenya, Tanganyika, Zanzibar and Pemba). Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society 22(4) 96: 129-144, 17 pls.
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