Curricula in early childhood care and education

There is no single curriculum that is ‘best’ for all situations. However, a comparison of different curricula shows certain approaches to be generally more effective than others. For example, High/Scope conducted longitudinal research of children in programmes using three different curriculum models:

• The Direct Instruction model, in which teachers initiated activities using academic goals.
• The traditional Nursery School model, in which teachers responded to activities that children initiated, with a minimum of structure.
• The Reggio Emilia or HighScope model, in which teachers and children both initiated activities. Teachers arranged the room and the daily routine so that children could plan, do and review their activities, while teachers provided support as needed.

By following the pathways over many years of children who began all three programmes, Schweinhart and Weikart[4] determined that the High/Scope model was most effective, and that children in the Direct Instruction model were most likely to have behaviour and social problems later in life. These are significant findings for curriculum designers in both developed and developing nations as the High/Scope model has been adapted for use in countries around the world. Schweinhart and Weikart concluded that the goals of early education should not be limited to academic preparation for school, but should also include helping children learn to make decisions, solve problems and get along with others.[3]

The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) has also identified the following indicators of effective curricula:[5]

• Children are active and engaged
• Goals are clear and shared by all
• Evidence-based
• Valued content is learned through investigation, play and focused, intentional teaching
• Builds on prior learning and experiences
• Comprehensive
• Professional standards validate the curriculum’s subject matter
• The curriculum is likely to benefit children[3]

Curricula for pre-school children have long been a hotbed for debate. Much of this revolves around content and pedagogy; the extent to which academic content should be included in the curriculum and whether formal instruction or child-initiated exploration, supported by adults, is more effective.[10] Proponents of an academic curriculum are likely to favour a focus on basic skills, especially literacy and numeracy, and structured pre-determined activities for achieving related goals. Internationally, there is strong opposition to this type of ECCE curriculum and defence of a broad-based curriculum that supports a child’s overall development including health and physical development, emotional and spiritual well-being, social competence, intellectual development and communication skills.[12] The type of document that emerges from this perspective is likely to be more open, offering a framework which teachers and parents can use to develop curricula specific to their contexts.[3]

Cultural ideology matters in the development and implementation of curricula for pre-school across cultural settings.[13] Despite the mutual interactions and similarities due to globalization, early childhood curricular policies and practices are still context-specific to a large extent.[14] Therefore, curricula for pre-school should value young learners' cultural backgrounds and emphasize the development of their cultural competence.[14] A fusion of developmental and cultural perspectives will enable educators to promote child agency and positive learning outcomes and to make learning experiences highly relevant to the changing society.[15][16]

The term of "curriculum hybridization" has been coined by early childhood researchers to describe the fusion of diverse curricular discourses[14] or approaches.[17] The ecological model of curriculum hybridization can be used to explain the cultural conflicts and fusion that may happen in developing or adapting curricula for pre-school.[16]

Teachers are at the core of education and has a key role in nurturing future generations who are not only critical thinkers, but also informed and empowered actors prepared to build peaceful, just and inclusive societies.[18]

Educators and teachers are essential in young people’s lives, and are central to developing students’ knowledge, attitudes and skills and to teach them how to engage in society both constructively and responsibly. This is done through curriculum and pedagogy. Teachers and teacher trainers in formal school settings at the primary school level play a role in strengthening the rule of law RoL and global citizenship through education by integrating it into their lessons and planning.[18]

Such approaches include resources in classrooms, out-of-classrooms and school-family-community engagement.[18]

Classroom resources:[18]

• Short activities and games;
• Single lessons;
• Units or projects;
• Stories and books.

Out-of-classroom resources:[18]

• Sport as a teaching resource to improve self-esteem, enhance social bonds and provide participants with a feeling of purpose;
• Field trips allow students the opportunity to apply their class-based learning more concretely in their own community.

School-family-community engagement resources:[18]

• Support of parents and community members can practise actively shaping a society in which everyone can live peaceful, just, safe and fulfilled lives.

In developing nations, programmes for children under three are more likely to be embedded in community-based programmes in which parents are endorsed as the primary teachers of young children and given support to fulfill that role. These programmes generally cater for ages from pre-birth to school entry with the curriculum having goals for both parents and children. They are often accompanied by a training manual and delivered through participatory workshops and other negotiated and community-based activities. Apart from strengthening the role of parents, these programmes respond to gaps that have persisted in the developing world despite global attention to ECCE; i.e. a focus on under threes and servicing the most marginalised children and families. While some incorporate weekly activities for older pre-school children – such as A New Day for Kids (ANDK) in Cambodia – they are not a substitute for a pre-school programme with a trained teacher who has the skills to plan and implement an effective curriculum.[19] This is an important ingredient in high-quality ECCE programmes for pre-school-aged children.[3]

• Early childhood education
• History of childhood care and education
• Curriculum development

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education (2015)​, 243-265, Marope, P.T.M., Kaga, Y., UNESCO. UNESCO.

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from Empowering students for just societies: a handbook for primary school teachers​, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.