Charis (butterfly)

Charis is a genus of the Riodinini tribe of metalmark butterflies (family Riodinidae). Nineteen species have been identified within the Charis cleonus complex[2] (however, further analysis has revised this clade to contain 22 species[3]) and eight species within the Charis gynaea group (clade).[4] Charis butterflies are common in the Neotropics and often live in primary and secondary growth.[4] The Charis cleonus group exhibits contemporary parapatric distributions throughout Amazonia and are thought to have speciated allopatrically; residing in "areas of endemism".[2] Some evidence suggests that Charis (among other Riodininae groups) are reproductively isolated by mating preferences for different topographic areas and different times—of which, may have promoted speciation between the various groups.[5]

A cladogram of species in the Charis cleonus group superimposed over a map of South America showing the biogeographic ranges or each species.[2]

Charis
Anius metalmark (C.anius)
male Antioquia, Colombia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Riodinidae
Subfamily:
Riodininae
Tribe:
Riodinini
Genus:
Charis

Hübner, [1819][1]
Synonyms
  • Charmona Stichel, 1910 (preocc. Billberg, 1820)
  • Charmonona Strand, 1932

Species
  • Charis cleonus complex
    • Charis major subgroup
      • Charis ma Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis major (Lathy, 1932)
      • Charis matic Harvey & Hall, 2002
    • Charis cleonus subgroup
      • Charis ariquemes Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis brasilia Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis breves Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis cacaulandia Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis caryatis Hewitson, 1866
      • Charis cleonus (Stoll, 1781)
      • Charis cuiaba Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis humaita Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis ipiranga Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis iquitos Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis manicore Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis manu Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis maues Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis negro Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis palcazu Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis rocana Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis santarem Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis tapajos Harvey & Hall, 2002
      • Charis tefe Harvey & Hall, 2002
  • Charis gynaea group
    • Charis barnesi Hall & Harvey, 2001
    • Charis callaghani Hall & Harvey, 2001
    • Charis gallardi Hall & Harvey, 2001
    • Charis gynaea (Godart, 1824)
    • Charis nicolayi Hall & Harvey, 2001
    • Charis smalli Hall & Harvey, 2001
    • Charis zama Bates, 1868

References
  1. "Charis Hübner, [1819]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  2. Jason P. W. Hall and Donald J. Harvey (2002), "The Phylogeography of Amazonia Revisited: New Evidence from Riodinid Butterflies", Evolution, 56 (7): 1489–1497, doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[1489:tpoarn]2.0.co;2, PMID 12206248
  3. Jason P. W. Hall and Donald J. Harvey (2002), "Phylogenetic revision of the Charis cleonus complex (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)", Systematic Entomology, 27: 265–300, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2002.00173.x Full text:
  4. Jason P. W. Hall and Donald J. Harvey (2001), "Phylogenetic Revision of the Charis gynaea Group (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) with Comments on Historical Relationships Among Neotropical Areas of Endemism", Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 94 (5): 631–647, doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0631:protcg]2.0.co;2
  5. Curtis J. Callaghan (1983), "A study of isolating mechanisms among neotropical butterflies of the subfamily Riodininae", Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 21 (3): 159–176


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