Chanquillo

Chanquillo[1][2][3][4][5] or Chankillo[3][6][7][8] is an ancient monumental complex in the Peruvian coastal desert, found in the Casma-Sechin basin in the Ancash Department of Peru. The ruins include the hilltop Chankillo fort, the nearby Thirteen Towers solar observatory, and residential and gathering areas. The Thirteen Towers have been interpreted as an astronomical observatory built in the 4th century BC.[6][9] The culture that produced Chankillo is called the Casma/Sechin culture or the Sechin Complex. The site was awarded UNESCO World Heritage status in July 2021.[10]

This article is about the archaeological site. For the civilization it belonged to, see Casma/Sechin culture.
Chanquillo
Thirteen Towers of Chankillo, viewed from the fortress
Chanquillo is located in Peru
Chanquillo
Shown within Peru
Alternative nameChankillo
LocationAncash Region, Peru
Coordinates09°33′24″S 78°14′09″W
TypeFortified sanctuary
Part ofCasma/Sechin culture
Area4 km2 (1.5 sq mi)
History
Founded300 BC
Official nameChankillo Archaeoastronomical Complex
CriteriaCultural: (i)(iv)
Designated2021 (44th session)
Reference no.1624

The site covers about four square kilometres (1.5 square miles) and has been interpreted as a fortified temple.[7]

The Thirteen Towers solar observatory

The regularly-spaced thirteen towers of Chankillo were constructed atop the ridge of a low hill running near north to south, forming a "toothed" horizon with narrow gaps at regular intervals. To the east and west investigators designated two possible observation points. From these vantages, the 300m long spread of the towers along the horizon corresponds very closely to the rising and setting positions of the sun over the year,[9] albeit they are not all visible. On the winter solstice, the sun would rise behind the leftmost tower of Chankillo and rise behind each of the towers until it reached the rightmost tower six months later on the summer solstice, marking the passage of time.[11] The Thirteen Towers of Chankillo could be the earliest known observatory in the Americas. Inhabitants of Chankillo would have been able to determine an accurate date, with an error of a day or two, by observing the sunrise or sunset from the correct tower.[12] A contemporary site in Chincha Valley, Peru, of the late Paracas culture, which also marked the solstice, has recently been examined.[13]

The towers had been known to travellers for 200 years but were not determined to be an astronomical site until 2007 by Iván Ghezzi and Clive Ruggles.[14]

Panorama of Chanquillo

See also

References
  1. Peru 1:100 000, La Caleta Culebras (20-g). IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional - Perú).
  2. Jenkins, Dilwyn (2003). The Rough Guide to Peru. Rough Guides. p. 295. ISBN 9781843530749.
  3. Pozorski, Shelia; Pozorski, Thomas; Pozorski, Thomas George (2006). Early Settlement and Subsistence in the Casma Valley, Peru. University of Iowa Press. p. 95. ISBN 9781587294624.
  4. Gerster, Georg (2005). The Past from Above: Aerial Photographs of Archaeological Sites. Getty Publications. pp. 197. ISBN 9780892368754.
  5. "SITIO ARQUEOLOGICO CHANQUILLO" (in Spanish). MINCETUR. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
  6. Ghezzi, Ivan; Ruggles, Clive (2007). "Chankillo: A 2300-Year-Old Solar Observatory in Coastal Peru". Science. 315 (5816): 1239–1243. Bibcode:2007Sci...315.1239G. doi:10.1126/science.1136415. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17332405.
  7. Ghezzi, Ivan (2006). "Religious Warfare at Chankillo". In Isbell, William H.; Silverman, Helaine (eds.). Andean Archaeology III. Springer US. pp. 67–84. doi:10.1007/0-387-28940-2_4. ISBN 9780387289397.
  8. DK (2010-06-21). Space: A Visual Encyclopedia. Penguin. p. 209. ISBN 9780756666286.
  9. BBC/Open University documentary, Broadcast March 2011, Downloadable demonstration of Towers at sunrise.
  10. Collyns, Dan (28 July 2021). "'No parallels': 2,300-year-old solar observatory awarded UNESCO World Heritage status". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  11. "Archaeoastronomy".
  12. "Chankillo".
  13. Stanish, Charles, et al. “A 2,300-Year-Old Architectural and Astronomical Complex in the Chincha Valley, Peru.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 111, no. 20, National Academy of Sciences, 2014, pp. 7218–23
  14. Atwood, Roger. " "Solar Observatory at Chankillo, Peru." Archaeology. Volume 61 Number 1, January/February 2008. https://www.archaeology.org/0801/topten/solar_observatory.html.
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