Chandler Bridge Formation

The Chandler Bridge Formation is a geologic formation in South Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Chattian (Late Oligocene) of the Paleogene period, corresponding to the Arikareean in the NALMA classification.[1] The formation overlies the Ashley Formation and is overlain by the Edisto Formation.[2]

Chandler Bridge Formation
Stratigraphic range: Chattian (Arikareean)
~
TypeFormation
Unit ofCooper Group
UnderliesEdisto Formation
OverliesAshley Formation
Lithology
PrimarySandstone
Location
Coordinates32.8°N 79.8°W / 32.8; -79.8
Approximate paleocoordinates32.9°N 74.2°W / 32.9; -74.2
Region South Carolina
Country United States
Type section
Named forChandler Bridge
Chandler Bridge Formation is located in the United States
Chandler Bridge Formation
Chandler Bridge Formation (the United States)
Chandler Bridge Formation is located in South Carolina
Chandler Bridge Formation
Chandler Bridge Formation (South Carolina)

Vertebrate paleofauna

Carnivorans
Carnivorans reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Phocidae Gen. et. sp. indeterminate Proximal portion of a right femur (ChM PV5712).[3] "A taxon closely comparable to the most specialized phocid, the modern genus Cystophora".

Cetaceans
Cetaceans reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Agorophiidae Upper sandy unit.[4] Referred to as Genus Y.
Agorophius A. sp. "ChM PV 4256 (a partial skull and mandible with isolated teeth and associated postcrania)".[5] An odontocete.
Ankylorhiza A. tiedemani Partial skeleton (CCNHM 103).[6] An odontocete also found in the Ashley and Belgrade formations.
Coronodon C. newtonorum A manmade exposure in the vicinity of North Charleston, South Carolina.[7] Partial skeleton (ChM PV 2778).[7] A toothed mysticete.
C. planifrons Drainage ditch in North Charleston, South Carolina.[7] Partial skeleton (CCNHM 166) & isolated upper right M3 (CCNHM 8732).[7] A toothed mysticete.
Cotylocara C. macei [8] A xenorophid.
Echovenator E. sandersi "Drainage ditch associated with Limehouse Branch Creek, Berkeley County, South Carolina".[9] A nearly-complete skull.[9] A xenorophid.
Eomysticetus E. carolinensis Bed 2.[10] A mysticete.
E whitmorei Bed 3, uppermost portion of the formation.[10] A mysticete.
cf. Eurhinodelphinidae Upper sandy unit.[4]
cf. Squalodelphinidae Upper sandy unit.[4]
Squalodon A premolar (BCGM 9198).[11]

Sirenians
Sirenians reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Crenatosiren C. olseni [12] A dugongid also known from the Ashley and Parachucla formations.
Metaxytherium M. albifontanum Remains of a subadult individual (SC 89.115) and a young adult individual (ChM PV4757).[13] A dugongid also found in the Parachucla Formation.
Priscosiren P. atlantica SC 89.254.[14] A dugongid.
Stegosiren S. macei [15] A dugongid also found in the Ashley Formation.

Birds
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Birds reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Palaeochenoides P. mioceanus Distal end of a tarsometatarsus.[16] A dubious pelagornithid, may instead be from the Cooper Formation.
Pelagornis P. sandersi Bed 2 near Charleston Airport.[17] A pelagornithid.
Sulidae Upper sandy unit.[4]
Tympanonesiotes T. wetmorei A very fragmentary piece of tarsometatarsus.[16] A dubious pelagornithid, may instead be from the Cooper Formation.

Crocodilians
Crocodilians reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Gavialosuchus G. carolinensis A tooth (BCGM 9197).[11] Now moved to the genus Thecachampsa.[18]
Thecachampsa T. carolinensis A tooth (BCGM 9197).[11] A gavialid.

Testudines
Testudines reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Ashleychelys A. palmeri Multiple specimens.[19] A cheloniid also found in the Ashley Formation.
Bairdemys B. healeyorum A largely complete skeleton and a partial anterior carapace.[20] A podocnemid.
Carolinochelys C. wilsoni Upper sandy unit.[4] Multiple specimens.[19] A cheloniid.
cf. Egyptemys cf. E. sp. Bed 1.[21] CCNHM 4289 (a ridged carapacial ossicle).[21] A dermochelyid.
Natemys N. sp. 1 CCNHM 4405.1–4405.5 (five associated non-ridged carapacial ossicles); CCNHM 5540, 5541, and 5542 (three non-ridged carapacial ossicles).[21] A dermochelyid, also known from the Ashley Formation.
Procolpochelys P. charlestonensis ChM PV6056 (a largely complete carapace associated with a few fragmentary vertebrae, pectoral girdle elements, humerus, and femur) and a skull fragment.[19] A cheloniid.
cf. Psephophorus cf. P. sp. Bed 1.[21] CCNHM 5543 (an isolated ridged ossicle).[21] A dermochelyid, also found in the Ashley Formation.

Bony fish
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Bony Fish reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Aglyptorhynchus A. sp. 2 isolated vertebral centra.[11]
Cylindracanthus C. sp. Upper sandy unit.[4] A billfish.
Histiophorus H. rotundus ChM PV4864.[22] A swordfish, now reassigned to Xiphiorhynchus.[22]
Xiphiorhynchus X. cf. X. aegyptiacus "McKewn Subdivision, North Charleston, Dorchester County, South Carolina".[4] A partial rostrum.[4] A swordfish.
X. rotundus ChM PV4864.[22] A swordfish.

Rays
Rays reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Anoxypristis A single rostral spine.[11] A sawfish.
Dasyatidae Dasyatidae gen. et. sp. indet. Teeth (BCGM 9100 and 9101, SC 2009.18.19).[11] A stingray.
Dasyatis D. cavernosa Teeth (BCGM 9096, 9097, and 9103, SC 2009.18.17).[11] A stingray.
D. rugosa BCGM 9098 and 9099, SC 2009.18.18.[11] A stingray.
Gymnura G. sp. A tooth (BCGM 9107).[11] A butterfly ray.
Mobula M. cf. M. loupianensis BCGM 9133–9142, SC 2009.18.20.[11]
Myliobatinae Myliobatinae gen. indet. Partial medial teeth and complete lateral teeth (BCGM 9114–9117, SC 2009.18.22).[11] An eagle ray.
Paramobula P. fragilis Teeth (BCGM 9111–9113, SC 2009.18.21).[11]
Plinthicus P. stenodon Upper sandy unit.[4] BCGM 9118–9121, SC 2009.18.23[11] The oldest record of this species.
Raja Raja mccollumi "Summerville, Dorchester County, South Carolina".[11] Teeth.[11] A skate also found in the Ashley Formation.
R. sp. Teeth (BCGM 9087–9089, SC 2009.18.16).[11] A skate with teeth twice as large as those of R. mccollumi, but far less common.[11]
Rhinoptera R. cf. R. studeri Teeth (BCGM 9122 and 9123, SC 2009.18.24).[11] A cownose ray.
R. sp. Upper sandy unit.[4] A cownose ray.
Rhynchobatus R. pristinus Teeth (BCGM 9084–9086, SC 2009.18.14).[11] A wedgefish.

Sharks
Sharks reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Alopias A. cf. A. vulpinus Teeth (BCGM 9046–9048, SC 2009.18.3).[11] A thresher shark.
Bythaelurus B. sp. A fragmentary tooth (BCGM 9074).[11] A catshark.
Carcharias C. cuspidatus Teeth (BCGM 9051 and 9052).[11] A sand shark.
C. sp. A posterior tooth (BCGM 9053) and a lateral tooth from a very young individual (BCGM 9054).[11] A sand shark.
Carcharhinus C. gibbesi BCGM 9056–9062, SC 2009.18.6.[11] The most abundant non-batoid elasmobranch in the Chandler Bridge sample.[11]
C. leucas Upper sandy unit.[4] The bull shark.
Carcharocles C. angustidens Upper sandy unit.[4] Teeth.[23] Reassigned to the genus Otodus.
C. sp. Teeth (BCGM 9055, SC 2009.18.5).[11] Reassigned to the genus Otodus.
Cetorhinus ?C. parvus Scales (BCGM 9049 and 9050, SC 2009.18.4).[11] A basking shark.
Galeocerdo G. 'casei' Upper sandy unit.[4]
Galeorhinus G. sp. Teeth (BCGM 9080–9083, SC 2009.18.13).[11] A houndshark.
Hemipristis H. serra Teeth (BCGM 9071–9073, SC 2009.18.10).[11] A weasel shark.
Nebrius N. cf. N. serra A tooth (SC 2009.18.1).[11] A nurse shark.
Otodus O. angustidens Upper sandy unit.[4] Teeth.[23] Assemblages dominated by teeth of juveniles and neonates, with few adults present, suggesting a nursery area for the species.[23]
O. sp. Teeth (BCGM 9055, SC 2009.18.5).[11] A megatooth shark.
Physogaleus P. aduncus Teeth (BCGM 9063–9066, SC 2009.18.7).[11] A ground shark.
P. contortus Upper sandy unit.[4] A ground shark.
P. sp. Broken and/or abraded teeth (BCGM 9067 and 9068, SC 2009.18.8).[11] A ground shark.
Rhincodon R. cf. R. typus Teeth (BCGM 9044 and 9045, SC 2009.18.2).[11] The oldest fossil record of the whale shark.
Rhizoprionodon R. sp. Small, imperfectly preserved teeth (BCGM 9069 and 9070, SC 2009.18.9).[11] A sharpnose shark.
Sphyrna S. cf. S. media BCGM 9075–9077, SC 2009.18.11.[11] A hammerhead shark.
S. zygaena BCGM 9078 and 9079, SC 2009.18.12.[11] The more common of the two hammerhead shark species found in the formation.[11]
Squatina S. cf. S. angeloides BCGM 9042 and 9043.[11] An angelshark.

See also

References
  1. Chandler Bridge Formation at Fossilworks.org
  2. Albright et al., 2019, p.84
  3. J., Ray, Clayton Edward. Emry, Robert (2002). Cenozoic mammals of land and sea : tributes to the career of Clayton E. Ray. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 179–183. OCLC 1035595001.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. McCuen, William; Ishimori, Aika; Boessenecker, Robert (2020-07-13). "A New Specimen of Xiphiorhynchus sp. cf. aegyptiacus (Istiophoriformes, Xiphioidei, Xiphiidae) and Billfish Diversity in the Oligocene of South Carolina". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 8: 98–104. doi:10.18435/vamp29367. ISSN 2292-1389. S2CID 225527250.
  5. Boessenecker, Robert W.; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2018-09-28). "New records of the archaic dolphin Agorophius (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the upper Oligocene Chandler Bridge Formation of South Carolina, USA". PeerJ. 6: e5290. doi:10.7287/peerj.5290v0.1/reviews/2. PMC 6166619. PMID 30280011.
  6. Boessenecker, Robert W.; Churchill, Morgan; Buchholtz, Emily A.; Beatty, Brian L.; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2020-08-17). "Convergent Evolution of Swimming Adaptations in Modern Whales Revealed by a Large Macrophagous Dolphin from the Oligocene of South Carolina". Current Biology. 30 (16): 3267–3273.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.012. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 32649912. S2CID 220435400.
  7. Boessenecker, Robert.W; Beatty, Brian.L.; Geiser, Johnathan.H. (April 2023). "New specimens and species of the Oligocene toothed baleen whale Coronodon from South Carolina and the origin of Neoceti". Paleontology and Evolutionary Science. 11: e14795. doi:10.7717/peerj.14795.
  8. Geisler, Jonathan H.; Colbert, Matthew W.; Carew, James L. (April 2014). "A new fossil species supports an early origin for toothed whale echolocation". Nature. 508 (7496): 383–386. Bibcode:2014Natur.508..383G. doi:10.1038/nature13086. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 24670659. S2CID 4457391.
  9. Churchill, Morgan; Martinez-Caceres, Manuel; de Muizon, Christian; Mnieckowski, Jessica; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2016-08-22). "The Origin of High-Frequency Hearing in Whales". Current Biology. 26 (16): 2144–2149. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.004. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 27498568. S2CID 3944589.
  10. Sanders, A. E.; Barnes, L. G. (2002-09-14). "Paleontology of the late Oligocene Ashley and Chandler Bridge Formations of South Carolina, 3 Eomysticetidae, a new family of primitive mysticetes". Smithsonian Contributions to. Paleobiology. (93): 313–356.
  11. "Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica". www.app.pan.pl. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
  12. Domning, Daryl P. (1997-06-19). "Fossil Sirenia of the west Atlantic and Caribbean region. VI. Crenatosiren olseni (Reinhart, 1976)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (2): 397–412. Bibcode:1997JVPal..17..397D. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010984. ISSN 0272-4634.
  13. VÉLEZ-JUARBE, JORGE; DOMNING, DARYL P. (2014). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean Region. Ix. Metaxytherium Albifontanum, Sp. Nov". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (2): 444–464. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..444V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.799072. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 24523238. S2CID 86498351.
  14. Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge; Domning, Daryl P. (2014-06-07). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region: X. Priscosiren atlantica, gen. et sp. nov". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (4): 951–964. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..951V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.815192. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85297028.
  15. Domning, Daryl P.; Beatty, Brian L. (October 2019). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean Region. XII. Stegosiren macei, gen. et sp. nov". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (3): e1650369. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E0369D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1650369. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 203407242.
  16. Olsen, Storrs L. (1985). Avian Biology, Vol. Vlll: Chapter 2 - THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS - Smithsonian Institution (PDF). Academic Press. pp. 79–252. ISBN 0-12-249408-3.
  17. Ksepka, Daniel T. (2014-07-22). "Flight performance of the largest volant bird". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (29): 10624–10629. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11110624K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320297111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4115518. PMID 25002475.
  18. Paolo, Piras. Phylogenetic position of the crocodylian megadontosuchus arduini and tomistomine palaeobiogeography. OCLC 631972719.
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  20. Palaeontology), Gaffney Turtle Symposium (2009 : Royal Tyrrell Museum of (2013). Morphology and evolution of turtles : proceedings of the Gaffney Turtle Symposium (2009) in honor of Eugene S. Gaffney. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-4308-3. OCLC 1107732024.
  21. Fallon, Bailey; Boessenecker, Robert (2020). "Multispecies leatherback assemblage from the Chandler Bridge and Ashley formations (Oligocene) of South Carolina, USA". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65. doi:10.4202/app.00740.2020. ISSN 0567-7920. S2CID 229663826.
  22. Monsch, Kenneth A.; Fierstine, Harry L.; Weems, Robert E. (2005-06-27). "Taxonomic revision and stratigraphic provenance of '†Histiophorus rotundus' Woodward 1901 (Teleostei, Perciformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (2): 274–279. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0274:traspo]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 131173294.
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Bibliography
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