Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa

The catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa (Arabic: مقابر كوم الشقافة; meaning "Mound of Shards")[1] is a historical archaeological site located in Alexandria, Egypt, and is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages.[2]

Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa
Lofus Kiramaikos (Greek)
Ra-Qedil (Egypt)
31°10′43″N 29°53′35″E
LocationAlexandria, Egypt
TypeTomb, burial chamber, necropolis
Height100 feet
Beginning date2nd century

The necropolis consists of a series of Alexandrian tombs, statues and archaeological objects of the Pharaonic funerary cult with Hellenistic and early Imperial Roman influences. Due to the time period, many of the features of the catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa merge Roman, Greek and Egyptian cultural points; some statues are Egyptian in style, yet bear Roman clothes and hair style whilst other features share a similar style. A circular staircase, which was often used to transport deceased bodies down the middle of it, leads down into the tombs that were tunneled into the bedrock during the age of the Antonine emperors (2nd century AD).[3] The facility was then used as a burial chamber from the 2nd century to the 4th century, before being rediscovered in 1900 when a donkey accidentally fell into the access shaft. To date, three sarcophagi have been found, along with other human and animal remains which were added later. It is believed that the catacombs were only intended for a single family, but it is unclear why the site was expanded in order to house numerous other individuals.

Another feature of the catacombs is the Hall of Caracalla, which contains the bones of horses which were the tombs created for the horses of the emperor Caracalla in 215 AD.[4]

Catacombs

The catacombs were named Kom El Shoqafa, meaning Mound of Shards, because the area used to contain a mound of shards of terra cotta which mostly consisted of jars and objects made of clay. These objects were left by those visiting the tombs, who would bring food and wine for their consumption during the visit. However, they did not wish to carry these containers home from this place of death, so they would break them. At the time of the discovery, heaps of these broken plates were found.[5]

Layout
Painted tomb

The catacombs lie beneath the western necropolis of Alexandria and consist of three levels cut through solid rock, the third level was completely underwater until recent restorations. The catacombs have a six-pillared central shaft which opens off the vestibule. On the left is a triclinium, a funeral banquet hall where friends and family gathered on stone couches covered with cushions, both at the time of burial and also on future commemorative visits.[6]

Visitors can reach the first level through a breach in the rotunda wall, which was made at an unknown date. This leads to the Hall of Caracalla in which the bones of horses and humans were found.[7]

Principal tomb chamber
Coexistence of different styles for different subjects: Egyptian funerary scene with Anubis, in Egyptian style (top), and myth of the Abduction of Persephone in Greek style (bottom). Persephone tomb in Kom el-Shoqafa, 2nd century CE.[8]

At the front of the tomb chamber there is a temple-like façade consisting of two columns topped by papyrus, lotus, and acanthus leaves of ancient Egypt and supporting an architrave with a relief of a central winged sun-disk flanked by Horus falcons. A carved Agathodaemon in the form of a snake is flanking both sides of the entrance to the inner tomb. Each snake wears a Roman Caduceus and a Greek Thyrsus as well as the Egyptian Pschent and is topped by a shield showing a Medusa. Figures of a man and a woman are carved into the wall. The man's body has a stiff hieratic pose typical of Ancient Egyptian sculpture, with the head carved in the lifelike manner of the classic Hellenes. The woman's figure is also rigidly posed but bears the Roman hairstyle.[9]

There are three huge stone sarcophagi with non-removable covers along the sides of the chamber. It's assumed that bodies were inserted in them from behind, using a passageway which runs around the outside of the funeral chamber. There is a hallway with 91 inch deep walls in the central tomb chamber, with carved recesses, each providing burial space for three mummies. The sarcophagi are decorated with garlands and heads of Greek mythology gods. Each sarcophagus has associated a relief panel. The central panel shows the wolf-headed Anubis wearing Roman soldier garb, who mummifies a body lying on a lion bed. Below the bed are three canopic jars. The lateral panels show the Apis-bull receiving a gift.[9]

  • Entrance of the principal tomb chamber
    Entrance of the principal tomb chamber
  • Central panel with Anubis mummifying a body
    Central panel with Anubis mummifying a body
  • Decorated sarcophagus and panel with Apus-bull
    Decorated sarcophagus and panel with Apus-bull

References
  1. Ali, May A.Malek (14 July 2016). "Environmental's Design Role in the Reviving and Preserving of Architectural Heritage Case Study (Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa)". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 225: 132–144. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.06.015 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  2. Latham, Edward (1904). A Dictionary of Names, Nicknames and Surnames, of Persons, Places and Things. p. 280. OCLC 01038938.
  3. Planet, Lonely. "Catacombs of Kom ash-Shuqqafa in Alexandria, Egypt". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
  4. Zahraa Adel Awed (2006-05-18). "The catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa, the Mound of Shards, Part III: The Hall of Caracalla (Nebengrab)". Tour Egypt. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
  5. "The catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa in Alexandria, Egypt". Vantage Travel. Archived from the original on January 1, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
  6. Planet, Lonely. "Catacombs of Kom ash-Shuqqafa in Alexandria, Egypt". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
  7. "Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa Travel and Tour". Travel and Tour. October 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
  8. Versluys, Miguel John (29 June 2017). Visual Style and Constructing Identity in the Hellenistic World: Nemrud Dağ and Commagene under Antiochos I. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-108-21088-1.
  9. A Phenomenological Approach to the Kom el-Shuqafa Catacombs Retrieved 24 March 2020.
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