Cardiovascular drift

Cardiovascular drift (CVD, CVdrift) is the phenomenon where some cardiovascular responses begin a time-dependent change, or "drift", after around 5–10 minutes of exercise in a warm or neutral environment 32 °C (90 °F)+ without an increase in workload.[1][2] It is characterized by decreases in mean arterial pressure and stroke volume and a parallel increase in heart rate.[3] It has been shown that a reduction in stroke volume due to dehydration is almost always due to the increase in internal temperature.[4] It is influenced by many factors, most notably the ambient temperature, internal temperature, hydration and the amount of muscle tissue activated during exercise.[2] To promote cooling, blood flow to the skin is increased, resulting in a shift in fluids from blood plasma to the skin tissue. This results in a decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure and reduced stroke volume in the heart. To maintain cardiac output at reduced pressure, the heart rate must be increased.

Cardiovascular drift
SpecialtyCardiology

Effects of cardiovascular drift are mainly focused around a higher rate of perceived effort (RPE); that is, a person will feel like they are expending more energy when they are not.[1] This creates a mental block that can inhibit performance greatly.

Cardiovascular drift is characterized by a decrease stroke volume and mean arterial pressure during prolonged exercise.[5]  A reduction in stroke volume is the decline in the volume of blood the heart is circulating, reducing the heart’s cardiac output.[6] The stroke volume is reduced due to loss of fluids in the body, reducing the volume of blood in the body.[7] This leads the increase in heart rate to compensate for the reduced cardiac output during exercise.[6] This inefficient cardiac output leads to a decrease in the maximum amount of oxygen used by the body – VO2Max.[8] This affects exercise performance by reducing the amount of oxygen that is delivered to the muscles during exercise.[8]

Prevention and minimization

Prevention or minimization of cardiovascular drift includes consistently replacing fluids and maintaining electrolyte balance during exercise, acclimatization to the environment in which one is performing, and weight training[citation needed] to supplement cardiovascular efforts. Fluid intake can reduce cardiovascular drift during periods of sustained exercise, but maintains VO2 max levels.[9] Vascular function and blood pressure can be negatively affected if dehydration occurs.[10] Short term exercise in extreme heat conditions negatively affects VO2 max levels.[11] Exercise over a longer period of time allows the body to acclimate, minimizing cardiovascular drift.[11]

References
  1. Wingo JE, Ganio MS, Cureton KJ (April 2012). "Cardiovascular drift during heat stress: implications for exercise prescription". Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 40 (2): 88–94. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31824c43af. PMID 22410803. S2CID 205712752.
  2. Souissi A, Haddad M, Dergaa I, Ben Saad H, Chamari K (December 2021). "A new perspective on cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise". Life Sciences. 287: 120109. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120109. PMID 34717912. S2CID 240206941.
  3. Coyle EF, González-Alonso J (April 2001). "Cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise: new perspectives". Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 29 (2): 88–92. doi:10.1097/00003677-200104000-00009. PMID 11337829. S2CID 8000975.
  4. Colakoglu M, Ozkaya O, Balci GA (September 2018). "Moderate Intensity Intermittent Exercise Modality May Prevent Cardiovascular Drift". Sports. 6 (3): 98. doi:10.3390/sports6030098. PMC 6162481. PMID 30223593.
  5. Souissi A, Haddad M, Dergaa I, Ben Saad H, Chamari K (December 2021). "A new perspective on cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise". Life Sciences. 287: 120109. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120109. PMID 34717912. S2CID 240206941.
  6. King J, Lowery DR (2022). "Physiology, Cardiac Output". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29262215. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  7. Kent M (January 2007). "Cardiovascular drift". The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-856850-6. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  8. Wingo JE, Ganio MS, Cureton KJ (April 2012). "Cardiovascular drift during heat stress: implications for exercise prescription". Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 40 (2): 88–94. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31824c43af. PMID 22410803. S2CID 205712752.
  9. Coyle EF (June 1998). "Cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise and the effects of dehydration". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 19 (Suppl 2): S121–S124. doi:10.1055/s-2007-971975. PMID 9694416. S2CID 46349731.
  10. Watso JC, Farquhar WB (August 2019). "Hydration Status and Cardiovascular Function". Nutrients. 11 (8): 1866. doi:10.3390/nu11081866. PMC 6723555. PMID 31405195.
  11. Périard JD, Travers GJ, Racinais S, Sawka MN (April 2016). "Cardiovascular adaptations supporting human exercise-heat acclimation". Autonomic Neuroscience. Thermoregulation. 196: 52–62. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2016.02.002. PMID 26905458. S2CID 3771577.

Further reading
  • McArdle W, Katch F, Katch V (2007). Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Cerny F, Burton H (2001). Exercise physiology for health care professionals. Human Kinetics.
  • Kounalakis SN, Nassis GP, Koskolou MD, Geladas ND (September 2008). "The role of active muscle mass on exercise-induced cardiovascular drift". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 7 (3): 395–401. PMC 3761905. PMID 24149908.
  • Maher M (24 August 2012). Cardiac Drift and Ironman Performance. Multisport Solutions.
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