Jerdon's nightjar

Jerdon's nightjar (Caprimulgus atripennis) is a medium-sized nightjar species native to southern India and Sri Lanka. Formerly considered as a subspecies of the long-tailed nightjar, it is best recognized by its distinctive call which sounds like a wooden plank being beaten periodically with each note ending in a quaver.[2] The common name commemorates Thomas C. Jerdon who described the species.[3]

Jerdon's nightjar
C. a. atripennis

Mangaon, Raigad, Maharashtra

Calls
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Caprimulgiformes
Family: Caprimulgidae
Genus: Caprimulgus
Species:
C. atripennis
Binomial name
Caprimulgus atripennis
Jerdon, 1845
C. a. aequabilis
Sri Lanka

Taxonomy

Thomas C. Jerdon first described this species in an annotation to his 1845 treatment of the jungle nightjar (C. indicus) in the Illustrations of Indian ornithology.[4] Subsequently, it was sometimes lumped again with C. macrurus, but the co-occurrence of this form and large-tailed nightjar C. macrurus without interbreeding in the northeast of the Indian peninsula was noted in 1987 suggesting their distinctness. It has since been reaffirmed as a full species based on studies on vocalization.[5] The subspecies in Sri Lanka is C. a. aequabilis.[6] Jerdon's type locality mentioned as Ghauts has been considered to be the Eastern Ghats west of Nellore.[7][8][9]

Description

Like other nightjars, it has a wide gape, long wings, soft downy plumage and nocturnal habits. At 26 cm in overall length, it is almost a head's length larger than the Indian nightjar (C. asiaticus), and differs from that species in its barred tail, rufous rear neck, and wing bars. The vermiculations on the crown are fine giving it a nearly uniform shade. The collar is blackish. The male has a white patch on each wing. Otherwise, their cryptic plumage is mainly variegated buff and brown, as typical for the dark tropical woodland nightjars.[2] This has an unbroken white gorget like the long-tailed nightjar but the tail is shorter. The Sri Lankan aequabilis is slightly smaller and darker.[10][11]

Its typical call is a fast repetitive ch-woo-woo.[2] Another call is said to be a frog-like croak.[11]

Behaviour and ecology

Open woodland, scrub, and cultivation is the habitat of this nocturnal bird. It flies after sundown with an easy, silent fluttering flight, appearing a bit like an outsized moth at a casual glance. During the day, Jerdon's nightjar lies silent upon the ground, concealed by its plumage; it is then difficult to detect, blending in with the soil.[2]

Nocturnal insects, such as moths, are its food. Unlike the Indian nightjar (C. asiaticus), this species rarely rests on roads during the night, preferring to alight on bushes. This makes it harder to spot, since it is not so readily seen in vehicle headlights.[2] It however roosts on the ground although calling from the trees.[11]

The breeding season is March to July in India and February to May in Sri Lanka. No nest is made; the two marbled eggs are placed upon the bare ground. The brooding bird, covering them closely with its camouflage plumage, is their best protection.[2] The chicks can crawl away from the nest soon after hatching and hide among leaves when alarmed.[8]

Conservation

Jerdon's nightjar has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2004, as it has a large range, and the population trend is considered stable.[1]

References
  1. BirdLife International (2016). "Caprimulgus atripennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22689931A93253085. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  2. Grimmett, R.; Inskipp, C.; Inskipp, T. & Byers, C. (1999). Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04910-6.
  3. Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.l. (2003). Whose Bird? Men and Women Commemorated in the Common Names of Birds. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 180–181.
  4. Jerdon, T.C. (1847). Illustrations of Indian ornithology, containing fifty figures of new, unfigured and interesting species of birds, chiefly from the south of India. Madras: American Mission Press. p. 138.
  5. Ripley, Sidney Dillon; Beehler, Bruce M. (1987). "New evidence for sympatry in the sibling species Caprimulgus atripennis Jerdon and Caprimulgus macrurus Horsfield". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 107: 47–49.
  6. Sangster, G.; Rozendaal, F. G. (2004). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 41. Territorial songs and species-level taxonomy of nightjars of the Caprimulgus macrurus complex, with the description of a new species" (PDF). Zoologische Verhandelingen. 350: 7–45.
  7. Cleere, N. (2002). "The original citation of Jerdon's Nightjar Caprimulgus atripennis (Caprimulgidae)" (PDF). Forktail. 18: 147. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-11.
  8. Ali, S.; Ripley, S.D. (1983). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan (Second ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 18–19.
  9. Oberholser, H.C. (1915). "A synopsis of the races of the long-tailed goatsucker, Caprimulgus macrurus Horsfield" (PDF). Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 48 (2088): 587–599. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.48-2088.587. hdl:10088/14891.
  10. Ripley, S. Dillon (1945). "A new Race of Nightjar from Ceylon". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 65: 40–41.
  11. Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 254.
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